Now showing items 7390-7409 of 24465

    • Evolution of cooperation by multilevel selection 

      Traulsen, Arne; Nowak, Martin A. (National Academy of Sciences, 2006)
      We propose a minimalist stochastic model of multilevel (or group) selection. A population is subdivided into groups. Individuals interact with other members of the group in an evolutionary game that determines their fitness. ...
    • Evolution of Cooperation by Phenotypic Similarity 

      Antal, Tibor; Ohtsuki, Hisashi; Wakeley, John R.; Taylor, Peter D.; Nowak, Martin A. (National Academy of Sciences, 2009)
      The emergence of cooperation in populations of selfish individuals is a fascinating topic that has inspired much work in theoretical biology. Here, we study the evolution of cooperation in a model where individuals are ...
    • Evolution of Deep-Sea Mussels (Bathymodiolinae) and Their Chemosynthetic Endosymbionts 

      Fontanez, Kristina (2013-02-20)
      Symbiosis is one of the most widespread evolutionary strategies on Earth. In the deep-sea, symbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and invertebrates are abundant at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. These mutualisms, ...
    • Evolution of Delayed Resistance to Immunotherapy in a Melanoma Responder 

      Liu, David; Lin, Jia-Ren; Robitschek, Emily; Kasumova, Gyulnara; Heyde, Alexander; Shi, Alvin; Kraya, Adam; Zhang, Gao; Moll, Tabea; Frederick, Dennie; Chen, Yu-An; Schapiro, Denis; Ho, Li-Lun; Bi, Kevin; Sahu, Avinash; Mei, Shaolin; Miao, Benchun; Sharova, Tatyana; Alvarez-Breckenridge, Christopher; Stocking, Jackson; Kim, Tommy; Fadden, Riley; Lawrence, Donald; Hoang, Mai; Cahill, Daniel; Maleh Mir, Mohsen; Nowak, Martin; Brastianos, Priscilla; Lian, Christine; Ruppin, Eytan; Izar, Benjamin; Herlyn, Meenhard; Van Allen, Eliezer; Nathanson, Katherine; Flaherty, Keith; Sullivan, Ryan; Kellis, Manolis; Sorger, Peter; Boland, Genevieve (Springer Nature, 2021-05-03)
      Despite initial responses, most melanoma patients develop resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). To understand the evolution of resistance, we studied 37 tumor samples over 9 years from a metastatic melanoma patient ...
    • Evolution of Developmental Potential and the Multiple Independent Origins of Leaves in Paleozoic Vascular Plants 

      Boyce, C. Kevin; Knoll, Andrew (Paleontological Society, 2002)
      Four vascular plant lineages, the ferns, sphenopsids, progymnosperms, and seed plants, evolved laminated leaves in the Paleozoic. A principal coordinate analysis of 641 leaf species from North American and European floras ...
    • Evolution of Diversely Functionalized Nucleic Acid Polymers 

      Chen, Zhen (2018-04-19)
      Darwinian evolution gave rise to biopolymers with a myriad of folded structures and functions, as well as all the diverse life forms on earth that are supported by those molecules. Amazingly, the essence of molecular ...
    • The Evolution of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 

      Ford, Christopher Burton (2012-10-29)
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) poses a global health catastrophe that has been compounded by the emergence of highly drug resistant Mtb strains. We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to directly compare the accumulation ...
    • The Evolution of Endurance Running and the Tyranny of Ethnography: A Reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007) 

      Lieberman, Daniel Eric; Bramble, Dennis M.; Raichlen, David A.; Shea, John J. (Elsevier, 2007)
      Endurance running (ER) poses a conundrum for paleoanthropologists. As summarized in Bramble and Lieberman (2004), human ER capabilities, which are unique among primates, either match or exceed those of mammals adapted for ...
    • Evolution of extreme body size disparity in monitor lizards (Varanus) 

      Collar, David C.; Schulte II, James A.; Losos, Jonathan (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)
      Many features of species’ biology, including life history, physiology, morphology, and ecology are tightly linked to body size. Investigation into the causes of size divergence is therefore critical to understanding the ...
    • Evolution of Flexibility and Rigidity in Retaliatory Punishment 

      Morris, Adam; MacGlashan, James; Littman, Michael; Cushman, Fiery (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017-09-11)
      Natural selection designs some social behaviors to depend on flexible learning processes, whereas others are relatively rigid or reflexive. What determines the balance between these two approaches? We offer a detailed case ...
    • The Evolution of Geometric Structures on 3-Manifolds 

      McMullen, Curtis T. (American Mathematical Society, 2011)
      This paper gives an overview of the geometrization conjecture and approaches to its proof.
    • The Evolution of Health Insurer Costs in Massachusetts, 2010-12 

      Ho, Kate; Pakes, Ariel; Shepard, Mark Abraham (2010)
      We analyze the evolution of health insurer costs in Massachusetts between 2010-2012, paying particular attention to changes in the composition of enrollees. This was a period in which Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) ...
    • The Evolution of Homophily 

      Fu, Feng; Nowak, Martin A.; Christakis, Nicholas Alexander; Fowler, James H. (Nature Publishing Group, 2012)
      Biologists have devoted much attention to assortative mating or homogamy, the tendency for sexual species to mate with similar others. In contrast, there has been little theoretical work on the broader phenomenon of ...
    • The Evolution of Imprinted microRNAs and Their RNA Targets 

      Haig, David; Mainieri, Avantika (MDPI AG, 2020-09-03)
      Mammalian genomes contain many imprinted microRNAs. When an imprinted miRNA targets an unimprinted mRNA their interaction may have different fitness consequences for the loci encoding the miRNA and mRNA. In one possible ...
    • Evolution of In-Group Favoritism 

      Fu, Feng; Tarnita, Corina Elena; Christakis, Nicholas Alexander; Wang, Long; Rand, David Gertler; Nowak, Martin A. (Nature Publishing Group, 2012)
      In-group favoritism is a central aspect of human behavior. People often help members of their own group more than members of other groups. Here we propose a mathematical framework for the evolution of in-group favoritism ...
    • The evolution of intergroup bias: Perceptions and attitudes in rhesus macaques. 

      Mahajan, Neha; Martinez, Margaret A.; Gutierrez, Natashya L.; Diesendruck, Gil; Banaji, Mahzarin R.; Santos, Laurie R. (American Psychological Association (APA), 2011)
      Social psychologists have learned a great deal about the nature of intergroup conflict and the attitudinal and cognitive processes that enable it. Less is known about where these processes come from in the first place. In ...
    • The Evolution of Intron Size in Amniotes: A Role for Powered Flight? 

      Zhang, Qu; Edwards, Scott V. (Oxford University Press, 2012)
      Intronic DNA is a major component of eukaryotic genes and genomes and can be subject to selective constraint and have functions in gene regulation. Intron size is of particular interest given that it is thought to be the ...
    • The Evolution of Major Histocompatibility Complex in Birds 

      Hess, Christopher M.; Edwards, Scott (American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2002)
    • The Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans 

      Lieberman, Daniel Eric; Bramble, Dennis M. (Adis Online, 2007)
      Humans have exceptional capabilities to run long distances in hot, arid conditions. These abilities, unique among primates and rare among mammals, derive from a suite of specialised features that permit running humans to ...
    • The Evolution of Modern Eukaryotic Phytoplankton 

      Falkowski, Paul G.; Katz, Miriam E.; Knoll, Andrew Herbert; Quigg, Antonietta; Raven, John A.; Schofield, Oscar; Taylor, F. J. R. "Max" (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004)
      The community structure and ecological function of contemporary marine ecosystems are critically dependent on eukaryotic phytoplankton. Although numerically inferior to cyanobacteria, these organisms are responsible for ...