Browsing FAS Scholarly Articles by Title

Now showing items 5317-5336 of 18292

    • Evolution of Developmental Potential and the Multiple Independent Origins of Leaves in Paleozoic Vascular Plants 

      Boyce, C. Kevin; Knoll, Andrew (Paleontological Society, 2002)
      Four vascular plant lineages, the ferns, sphenopsids, progymnosperms, and seed plants, evolved laminated leaves in the Paleozoic. A principal coordinate analysis of 641 leaf species from North American and European floras ...

    • The Evolution of Endurance Running and the Tyranny of Ethnography: A Reply to Pickering and Bunn (2007) 

      Lieberman, Daniel Eric; Bramble, Dennis M.; Raichlen, David A.; Shea, John J. (Elsevier, 2007)
      Endurance running (ER) poses a conundrum for paleoanthropologists. As summarized in Bramble and Lieberman (2004), human ER capabilities, which are unique among primates, either match or exceed those of mammals adapted for ...

    • Evolution of extreme body size disparity in monitor lizards (Varanus) 

      Collar, David C.; Schulte II, James A.; Losos, Jonathan (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)
      Many features of species’ biology, including life history, physiology, morphology, and ecology are tightly linked to body size. Investigation into the causes of size divergence is therefore critical to understanding the ...

    • Evolution of Flexibility and Rigidity in Retaliatory Punishment 

      Morris, Adam; MacGlashan, James; Littman, Michael; Cushman, Fiery (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017-09-11)
      Natural selection designs some social behaviors to depend on flexible learning processes, whereas others are relatively rigid or reflexive. What determines the balance between these two approaches? We offer a detailed case ...

    • The Evolution of Geometric Structures on 3-Manifolds 

      McMullen, Curtis T. (American Mathematical Society, 2011)
      This paper gives an overview of the geometrization conjecture and approaches to its proof.

    • The Evolution of Health Insurer Costs in Massachusetts, 2010-12 

      Ho, Kate; Pakes, Ariel; Shepard, Mark Abraham (2010)
      We analyze the evolution of health insurer costs in Massachusetts between 2010-2012, paying particular attention to changes in the composition of enrollees. This was a period in which Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) ...

    • The Evolution of Homophily 

      Fu, Feng; Nowak, Martin A.; Christakis, Nicholas Alexander; Fowler, James H. (Nature Publishing Group, 2012)
      Biologists have devoted much attention to assortative mating or homogamy, the tendency for sexual species to mate with similar others. In contrast, there has been little theoretical work on the broader phenomenon of ...

    • The Evolution of Imprinted microRNAs and Their RNA Targets 

      Haig, David; Mainieri, Avantika (MDPI AG, 2020-09-03)
      Mammalian genomes contain many imprinted microRNAs. When an imprinted miRNA targets an unimprinted mRNA their interaction may have different fitness consequences for the loci encoding the miRNA and mRNA. In one possible ...

    • Evolution of In-Group Favoritism 

      Fu, Feng; Tarnita, Corina Elena; Christakis, Nicholas Alexander; Wang, Long; Rand, David Gertler; Nowak, Martin A. (Nature Publishing Group, 2012)
      In-group favoritism is a central aspect of human behavior. People often help members of their own group more than members of other groups. Here we propose a mathematical framework for the evolution of in-group favoritism ...

    • The evolution of intergroup bias: Perceptions and attitudes in rhesus macaques. 

      Mahajan, Neha; Martinez, Margaret A.; Gutierrez, Natashya L.; Diesendruck, Gil; Banaji, Mahzarin R.; Santos, Laurie R. (American Psychological Association (APA), 2011)
      Social psychologists have learned a great deal about the nature of intergroup conflict and the attitudinal and cognitive processes that enable it. Less is known about where these processes come from in the first place. In ...

    • The Evolution of Intron Size in Amniotes: A Role for Powered Flight? 

      Zhang, Qu; Edwards, Scott V. (Oxford University Press, 2012)
      Intronic DNA is a major component of eukaryotic genes and genomes and can be subject to selective constraint and have functions in gene regulation. Intron size is of particular interest given that it is thought to be the ...

    • The Evolution of Major Histocompatibility Complex in Birds 

      Hess, Christopher M.; Edwards, Scott (American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2002)

    • The Evolution of Marathon Running: Capabilities in Humans 

      Lieberman, Daniel Eric; Bramble, Dennis M. (Adis Online, 2007)
      Humans have exceptional capabilities to run long distances in hot, arid conditions. These abilities, unique among primates and rare among mammals, derive from a suite of specialised features that permit running humans to ...

    • The Evolution of Modern Eukaryotic Phytoplankton 

      Falkowski, Paul G.; Katz, Miriam E.; Knoll, Andrew Herbert; Quigg, Antonietta; Raven, John A.; Schofield, Oscar; Taylor, F. J. R. "Max" (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004)
      The community structure and ecological function of contemporary marine ecosystems are critically dependent on eukaryotic phytoplankton. Although numerically inferior to cyanobacteria, these organisms are responsible for ...

    • Evolution of Nanoporosity in Dealloying 

      Erlebacher, Jonah; Aziz, Michael; Karma, Alain; Dimitrov, Nikolay; Sieradzki, Karl (Nature Publishing Group, 2001)
      Dealloying is a common corrosion process during which an alloy is 'parted' by the selective dissolution of the most electrochemically active of its elements. This process results in the formation of a nanoporous sponge ...

    • The Evolution of National and Regional Factors in U.S. Housing Construction 

      Stock, James H.; Watson, Mark (Oxford University Press, 2008)
      This paper presents and describes a newly available data set on monthly building permits for U.S. states from 1969-2007. These data are used to estimate regions of common housing construction activity. Building permits ...

    • Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina 

      Hahn, Joshua; Monavarfeshani, Aboozar; Qiao, Mu; Kao, Alison; Kolsch, Yvonne; Kumar, Ayush; Kunze, Vincent; Richardson, Rose; Wekselblatt, Joseph; Baier, Herwig; Lucas, Robery; Meister, Markus; Trachtenberg, Joshua; Yan, Wenjun; Peng, Yi-Rong; Sanes, Joshua; Shekhar, Karthik (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023-12-13)
      The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs1. One might expect that retinal cell types evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been ...

    • The evolution of non-reproductive workers in insect colonies with haplodiploid genetics 

      Olejarz, Jason W; Allen, Benjamin; Veller, Carl; Nowak, Martin A (eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd, 2015)
      Eusociality is a distinct form of biological organization. A key characteristic of advanced eusociality is the presence of non-reproductive workers. Why evolution should produce organisms that sacrifice their own reproductive ...

    • The Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Vocalizations: Effects of Phylogeny, Body Weight, and Social Context 

      Hauser, Marc David (University of Chicago Press, 1993)
      E. S. Morton proposed that, in birds and mammals, individuals tend to produce low-frequency atonal vocalizations in highly aggressive situations, whereas they typically produce high-frequency tonal vocalizations during ...

    • Evolution of Protein Expression: New Genes for a New Diet 

      Coyne, Jerry A.; Hoekstra, Hopi E. (Elsevier BV, 2007)
      A new study identifies gene duplication of a salivary enzyme as a recent adaptation to changes in diet among human populations, highlighting the diverse ways that gene regulation can evolve.