Browsing SPH Scholarly Articles by Title
Now showing items 2133-2152 of 6362
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Estimating the Cost of Cervical Cancer Screening in Five Developing Countries
(BioMed Central, 2006)Background: Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) can provide useful information to policymakers concerned with the broad allocation of resources as well as to local decision makers choosing between different options for ... -
Estimating the Exposure–Response Relationships between Particulate Matter and Mortality within the APHEA Multicity Project
(National Institue of Environmental Health Sciences, 2004)Several studies have reported significant health effects of air pollution even at low levels of air pollutants, but in most of theses studies linear nonthreshold relations were assumed. We investigated the exposure–response ... -
Estimating the Global Prevalence of Inadequate Zinc Intake from National Food Balance Sheets: Effects of Methodological Assumptions
(Public Library of Science, 2012)Background: The prevalence of inadequate zinc intake in a population can be estimated by comparing the zinc content of the food supply with the population’s theoretical requirement for zinc. However, assumptions regarding ... -
Estimating the hospitalization burden associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in New York City, 2003–2011
(John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015)Background: Hospitalization burden associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is uncertain due to ambiguity in the inference methodologies employed for its estimation. Objectives: Utilization of a new ... -
Estimating the Impact of Plasma HIV-1 RNA Reductions on Heterosexual HIV-1 Transmission Risk
(Public Library of Science, 2010)Background: The risk of sexual transmission of HIV-1 is strongly associated with the level of HIV-1 RNA in plasma making reduction in HIV-1 plasma levels an important target for HIV-1 prevention interventions. A quantitative ... -
Estimating the Impact of Reducing Under-Nutrition on the Tuberculosis Epidemic in the Central Eastern States of India: A Dynamic Modeling Study
(Public Library of Science, 2015)Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and under-nutrition are widespread in many low and middle-income countries. Momentum to prioritize under-nutrition has been growing at an international level, as demonstrated by the "Scaling ... -
Estimating the Independent Effects of Multiple Pollutants in the Presence of Measurement Error: An Application of a Measurement-Error–Resistant Technique
(2004)Misclassification of exposure usually leads to biased estimates of exposure–response associations. This is particularly an issue in cases with multiple correlated exposures, where the direction of bias is uncertain. It is ... -
Estimating the reproductive number in the presence of spatial heterogeneity of transmission patterns
(BioMed Central, 2013)Background: Estimates of parameters for disease transmission in large-scale infectious disease outbreaks are often obtained to represent large groups of people, providing an average over a potentially very diverse area. ... -
Estimating the Timing of Mother-to-Child Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Using a Viral Molecular Evolution Model
(Public Library of Science, 2014)Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is responsible for most pediatric HIV-1 infections worldwide. It can occur during pregnancy, labor, or breastfeeding. Numerous studies have used coalescent and molecular clock ... -
Estimating treatment effects in studies of perinatal transmission of HIV
(Oxford University Press, 2004)Fetal loss often precludes the ascertainment of infection status in studies of perinatal transmission of HIV The standard analysis based on liveborn babies can result in biased estimation and invalid inference in the ... -
Estimation and Testing for the Effect of a Genetic Pathway on a Disease Outcome Using Logistic Kernel Machine Regression via Logistic Mixed Models
(BioMed Central, 2008)Background: Growing interest on biological pathways has called for new statistical methods for modeling and testing a genetic pathway effect on a health outcome. The fact that genes within a pathway tend to interact with ... -
Estimation of health effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure using structural equation models
(Springer Nature, 2002)Background Observational studies in epidemiology always involve concerns regarding validity, especially measurement error, confounding, missing data, and other problems that may affect the study outcomes. Widely used ... -
Estimation of Sequencing Error Rates in Short Reads
(BioMed Central, 2012)Background: Short-read data from next-generation sequencing technologies are now being generated across a range of research projects. The fidelity of this data can be affected by several factors and it is important to have ... -
Estimation of the reproductive number and the serial interval in early phase of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the USA
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2009)BACKGROUND: The United States was the second country to have a major outbreak of novel influenza A/H1N1 in what has become a new pandemic. Appropriate public health responses to this pandemic depend in part on early ... -
Estrogen pathway polymorphisms in relation to primary open angle glaucoma: An analysis accounting for gender from the United States
(Molecular Vision, 2013)Purpose Circulating estrogen levels are relevant in glaucoma phenotypic traits. We assessed the association between an estrogen metabolism single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel in relation to primary open angle glaucoma ... -
Estrogen receptor negative/progesterone receptor positive breast cancer is not a reproducible subtype
(BioMed Central, 2013)Introduction: Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) testing are performed in the evaluation of breast cancer. While the clinical utility of ER as a predictive biomarker to identify patients likely to benefit ... -
Estrogen-dependent signaling in a molecularly distinct subclass of aggressive prostate cancer
(Oxford University Press, 2008)Background The majority of prostate cancers harbor gene fusions of the 5'-untranslated region of the androgen-regulated transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) promoter with erythroblast transformation-specific transcription ... -
Estrogens and breast cancer
(Instituto Nacional de Salud P�blica, 1997)In this review, we summarize the epidemiologic evidence for the associations of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones with risk of breast cancer. We also describe the biologic plausibility of these relationships. ... -
Estudio Parto: postpartum diabetes prevention program for hispanic women with abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial – study protocol
(BioMed Central, 2014)Background: Diabetes and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. with rates consistently higher among Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanic whites. Among Hispanic women diagnosed with gestational diabetes ... -
The ESX System in Bacillus subtilis Mediates Protein Secretion
(Public Library of Science, 2014)Esat-6 protein secretion systems (ESX or Ess) are required for the virulence of several human pathogens, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus. These secretion systems are defined by a conserved ...