Browsing SPH Scholarly Articles by Title

Now showing items 2141-2160 of 6362

    • Estimating the Timing of Mother-to-Child Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Using a Viral Molecular Evolution Model 

      Chaillon, Antoine; Samleerat, Tanawan; Zoveda, Faustine; Ballesteros, Sébastien; Moreau, Alain; Ngo-Giang-Huong, Nicole; Jourdain, Gonzague; Gianella, Sara; Lallemant, Marc; Depaulis, Frantz; Barin, Francis (Public Library of Science, 2014)
      Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is responsible for most pediatric HIV-1 infections worldwide. It can occur during pregnancy, labor, or breastfeeding. Numerous studies have used coalescent and molecular clock ...

    • Estimating treatment effects in studies of perinatal transmission of HIV 

      Bang, H.; Spiegelman, D. (Oxford University Press, 2004)
      Fetal loss often precludes the ascertainment of infection status in studies of perinatal transmission of HIV The standard analysis based on liveborn babies can result in biased estimation and invalid inference in the ...

    • Estimation and Testing for the Effect of a Genetic Pathway on a Disease Outcome Using Logistic Kernel Machine Regression via Logistic Mixed Models 

      Liu, Dawei; Ghosh, Debashis; Lin, Xihong (BioMed Central, 2008)
      Background: Growing interest on biological pathways has called for new statistical methods for modeling and testing a genetic pathway effect on a health outcome. The fact that genes within a pathway tend to interact with ...

    • Estimation of health effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure using structural equation models 

      Budtz-Jørgensen, Esben; Keiding, Niels; Grandjean, Philippe; Weihe, Pal (Springer Nature, 2002)
      Background Observational studies in epidemiology always involve concerns regarding validity, especially measurement error, confounding, missing data, and other problems that may affect the study outcomes. Widely used ...

    • Estimation of Sequencing Error Rates in Short Reads 

      Blades, Natalie; Sultana, Razvan; Ding, Jie; Parmigiani, Giovanni; Wang, Xin Victoria (BioMed Central, 2012)
      Background: Short-read data from next-generation sequencing technologies are now being generated across a range of research projects. The fidelity of this data can be affected by several factors and it is important to have ...

    • Estimation of the reproductive number and the serial interval in early phase of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the USA 

      White, Laura Forsberg; Wallinga, Jacco; Finelli, Lyn; Reed, Carrie; Riley, Steven; Lipsitch, Marc; Pagano, Marcello (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009)
      BACKGROUND: The United States was the second country to have a major outbreak of novel influenza A/H1N1 in what has become a new pandemic. Appropriate public health responses to this pandemic depend in part on early ...

    • Estrogen pathway polymorphisms in relation to primary open angle glaucoma: An analysis accounting for gender from the United States 

      Pasquale, Louis R.; Loomis, Stephanie J.; Weinreb, Robert N.; Kang, Jae H.; Yaspan, Brian L.; Bailey, Jessica Cooke; Gaasterland, Douglas; Gaasterland, Terry; Lee, Richard K.; Scott, William K.; Lichter, Paul R.; Budenz, Donald L.; Liu, Yutao; Realini, Tony; Friedman, David S.; McCarty, Catherine A.; Moroi, Sayoko E.; Olson, Lana; Schuman, Joel S.; Singh, Kuldev; Vollrath, Douglas; Wollstein, Gadi; Zack, Donald J.; Brilliant, Murray; Sit, Arthur J.; Christen, William G.; Fingert, John; Kraft, Peter; Zhang, Kang; Allingham, R. Rand; Pericak-Vance, Margaret A.; Richards, Julia E.; Hauser, Michael A.; Haines, Jonathan L.; Wiggs, Janey L. (Molecular Vision, 2013)
      Purpose Circulating estrogen levels are relevant in glaucoma phenotypic traits. We assessed the association between an estrogen metabolism single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel in relation to primary open angle glaucoma ...

    • Estrogen receptor negative/progesterone receptor positive breast cancer is not a reproducible subtype 

      Hefti, Marco M; Hu, Rong; Knoblauch, Nicholas W; Collins, Laura C; Haibe-Kains, Benjamin; Tamimi, Rulla M; Beck, Andrew H (BioMed Central, 2013)
      Introduction: Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) testing are performed in the evaluation of breast cancer. While the clinical utility of ER as a predictive biomarker to identify patients likely to benefit ...

    • Estrogen-dependent signaling in a molecularly distinct subclass of aggressive prostate cancer 

      Setlur, Sunita R.; Mertz, Kirsten D.; Hoshida, Yujin; Demichelis, Francesca; Lupien, Mathieu; Perner, Sven; Sboner, Andrea; Pawitan, Yudi; Andrén, Ove; Johnson, Laura A.; Tang, Jeff; Adami, Hans-Olov; Calza, Stefano; Chinnaiyan, Arul M.; Rhodes, Daniel; Tomlins, Scott; Fall, Katja; Mucci, Lorelei A.; Kantoff, Philip W.; Stampfer, Meir; Andersson, Swen-Olof; Varenhorst, Eberhard; Johansson, Jan-Erik; Brown, Myles; Golub, Todd R.; Rubin, Mark A. (Oxford University Press, 2008)
      Background The majority of prostate cancers harbor gene fusions of the 5'-untranslated region of the androgen-regulated transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) promoter with erythroblast transformation-specific transcription ...

    • Estrogens and breast cancer 

      Hankinson, Susan E.; Stampfer, Meir (Instituto Nacional de Salud P�blica, 1997)
      In this review, we summarize the epidemiologic evidence for the associations of oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormones with risk of breast cancer. We also describe the biologic plausibility of these relationships. ...

    • Estudio Parto: postpartum diabetes prevention program for hispanic women with abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial – study protocol 

      Chasan-Taber, Lisa; Marcus, Bess H; Rosal, Milagros C; Tucker, Katherine L; Hartman, Sheri J; Pekow, Penelope; Braun, Barry; Moore Simas, Tiffany A; Solomon, Caren G; Manson, JoAnn E; Markenson, Glenn (BioMed Central, 2014)
      Background: Diabetes and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. with rates consistently higher among Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanic whites. Among Hispanic women diagnosed with gestational diabetes ...

    • The ESX System in Bacillus subtilis Mediates Protein Secretion 

      Huppert, Laura A.; Ramsdell, Talia L.; Chase, Michael R.; Sarracino, David A.; Fortune, Sarah M.; Burton, Briana M. (Public Library of Science, 2014)
      Esat-6 protein secretion systems (ESX or Ess) are required for the virulence of several human pathogens, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus. These secretion systems are defined by a conserved ...

    • Ethical Alternatives to Experiments with Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens 

      Lipsitch, Marc; Galvani, Alison P. (Public Library of Science, 2014)
      Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

    • Ethical Comparators in Coronavirus Vaccine Trials 

      Eyal, Nir; Lipsitch, Marc (2020-03-31)

    • Ethical priority setting for universal health coverage: challenges in deciding upon fair distribution of health services 

      Norheim, Ole F. (BioMed Central, 2016)
      Priority setting is inevitable on the path towards universal health coverage. All countries experience a gap between their population’s health needs and what is economically feasible for governments to provide. Can priority ...

    • Ethics in Community-Based Research with Vulnerable Children: Perspectives from Rwanda 

      Betancourt, Theresa; Smith Fawzi, Mary C.; Stevenson, Anne; Kanyanganzi, Fredrick; Kirk, Catherine; Ng, Lauren; Mushashi, Christina; Bizimana, Justin I.; Beardslee, William; Raviola, Giuseppe; Smith, Stephanie; Kayiteshonga, Yvonne; Binagwaho, Agnes (Public Library of Science, 2016)
      A “risk of harm” protocol to identify youth in need of immediate emergency assistance in a study on mental health and HIV in Rwanda among 680 youth ages 10–17 is described. Cases are presented that describe the experience ...

    • The Ethiopian Health Extension Program and Variation in Health Systems Performance: What Matters? 

      Fetene, Netsanet; Linnander, Erika; Fekadu, Binyam; Alemu, Hibret; Omer, Halima; Canavan, Maureen; Smith, Janna; Berman, Peter; Bradley, Elizabeth (Public Library of Science, 2016)
      Background: Primary health care services are fundamental to improving health and health equity, particularly in the context of low and middle-income settings where resources are scarce. During the past decade, Ethiopia ...

    • Ethnic differences in alcohol and drug use and related sexual risks for HIV among vulnerable women in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for interventions 

      Myers, Bronwyn; Kline, Tracy L; Browne, Felicia A.; Carney, Tara; Parry, Charles; Johnson, Kim; Wechsberg, Wendee M (BioMed Central, 2013)
      Background: Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among poor Black African and Coloured women in South Africa compounds their sexual risk for HIV. Given South Africa’s history of ethnic disparities, ethnic differences in sex ...

    • Ethnic Differences in Survival after Breast Cancer in South East Asia 

      Bhoo-Pathy, Nirmala; Hartman, Mikael; Yip, Cheng-Har; Saxena, Nakul; Taib, Nur Aishah; Lim, Siew-Eng; Iau, Philip; Adami, Hans-Olov; Bulgiba, Awang M.; Lee, Soo-Chin; Verkooijen, Helena M. (Public Library of Science, 2012)
      Background: The burden of breast cancer in Asia is escalating. We evaluated the impact of ethnicity on survival after breast cancer in the multi-ethnic region of South East Asia. Methodology/Principal Findings Using the ...

    • Ethnic-specific associations of rare and low-frequency DNA sequence variants with asthma 

      Igartua, Catherine; Myers, Rachel A.; Mathias, Rasika A.; Pino-Yanes, Maria; Eng, Celeste; Graves, Penelope E.; Levin, Albert M.; Del-Rio-Navarro, Blanca E.; Jackson, Daniel J.; Livne, Oren E.; Rafaels, Nicholas; Edlund, Christopher K.; Yang, James J.; Huntsman, Scott; Salam, Muhammad T.; Romieu, Isabelle; Mourad, Raphael; Gern, James E.; Lemanske, Robert F.; Wyss, Annah; Hoppin, Jane A.; Barnes, Kathleen C.; Burchard, Esteban G.; Gauderman, W. James; Martinez, Fernando D.; Raby, Benjamin A.; Weiss, Scott T.; Williams, L. Keoki; London, Stephanie J.; Gilliland, Frank D.; Nicolae, Dan L.; Ober, Carole (Nature Pub. Group, 2015)
      Common variants at many loci have been robustly associated with asthma but explain little of the overall genetic risk. Here we investigate the role of rare (<1%) and low-frequency (1–5%) variants using the Illumina HumanExome ...