Scutellinia (Pezizales) In Korea, With A New Species and Eight New Records

: Eleven species of the genus Scutellinia (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales) are recognized in 27 Korea by analysis of macro- and micro-morphological characteristics, substrates and 28 geographical distributions. Eight species are recorded new to Korea, namely, S. ahmadiopsis , S. 29 badio-berbis , S. colensoi , S. jilinensis , S. nigrohirtula , S. olivascens , S. setosa and S. patagonica . 30 Based on the exceptional length of marginal hairs and tuberculate ascospore wall ornamentation, 31 two Korean specimens occurring on wood are described as a new species. Infraspecific 32 morphological variations among collections within S. scutellata and S. patagonica were found. 33 These are tentative treat as species complexes. The highly questionable occurrence of S. setosa in 34 Asia was confirmed. Descriptions and taxonomic notes of the recognized species of Scutellinia 35 are provided with a taxonomic key, illustrations and photographs of these species from Korea.


Introduction
The genus Scutellinia (Cooke) Lambotte is one of the genera with the most species in the 41 Pyronemataceae (Pezizales, Ascomycota). Cooke (1879) first employed the name Scutellinia as a 42 subgenus of Peziza; it was elevated to generic rank by Lambotte (1887). The name Scutellinia 43 has a confusing history; many earlier authors used the names Patella F.H.Wigg., Ciliaria Quél. 44 ex Boud. or Lachnea (Fr.) Gillet for these species. Applying a narrow generic concept Le Gal 45 (1953) adopted the name Scutellinia instead of the invalid Ciliaria that had been favored by 46 many workers. Her restricted concept has been widely adopted in the taxonomic literature (Korf 47 & Schumacher 1986 and citations referred therein). This cosmopolitan genus 48 is easily recognized by its shield-like red or orange apothecia, globose to ellipsoidal ascospores 49 with or without various wall ornamentations, and stiff, long, blackish-brown hairs that arise from 50 inner cells of the ectal excipulum. In considering the delimitation of species morphological 51 characters were used as well habitat information and geographic distribution. Among the 52 characters that have previously been used in defining species, hair morphology and ascospore 53 shape and ornamentation have been especially emphasized in most keys at the infrageneric and 54 species level (Bogacheva & Kullman 2006, Donadini 1983, Gamundí 1956, 1975 Knudsen 2000, Kullman 1982, Le Gal 1972, Mato 56 ec 2000, Moravec 1974, Schumacher 1979, Svrček 1971. Two different types of hairs 57 were distinguished in Scutellinia species.  termed them "marginal hairs," 58 those at or near the margin of apothecia, and "lateral hairs," those on the receptacle lower down. 59 In some Scutellinia species, the marginal hairs are longer and broader than lateral hairs and have 60 extensively forked or divided bases. Kullman (1982) and  referred to the hairs 61 as "differentiated" when marginal and lateral hairs could easily be distinguished from one 62 another and as "not differentiated" when they were too similar to discriminate. We follow their 63 terminology in our descriptions. 64 Despite considerable taxonomic study of the genus, species delimitation and infrageneric 65 subdivision within Scutellinia have remained problematic. Molecular phylogenetic approaches 66 have been applied at the species level to other members of the Pyronemataceae, e.g. Otidea included in larger level studies (Perry et al. 2007). As a component of our broader work we have 70 undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study and although this is not presented here in this 71 regional mycota, it has helped to inform our decisions on the delimitation of species. The 72 phylogeny will be presented as part of a larger study.
Among the approximately 50 species recognized in Scutellinia (Schumacher 1988) four 74 species have been recorded from Korea prior to work by the present authors: S. erinaceus 75 (Schwein.) Kuntze , S. kerguelensis (Berk.) Kuntze (Park et al. 1994, Jung 76 1995), S. scutellata (L.) Lambotte (Lee & Cho 1975, Jung 1995 and S. umbrorum (Fr.) 77 Lambotte ). Cho et al. (1997) had reported S. pseudoumbrarum J. Moravec,but 78 this species is now considered a synonym of S. umbrorum (see ). Only in the 79 case of S. kerguelensis and S. scutellata (Jung 1995) did these earlier workers provide detailed 80 information on morphological characters, such as shape and size of hairs and wall ornamentation 81 of ascospores. Such features are important in identifying species; records that lack such 82 information are considered questionable.   Measurements were performed at 1000× for ascospores and at 100-400× for other structures.

96
Size of ascospores are reported as maxima and minima in parentheses, and the mean plus and 97 minus for the standard deviation of 50 matured spores.

98
To observe spore wall ornamentation Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed on 99 the following species: S. ahmadiopsis W.Y. Zhuang    berbis. In the present study, on the contrary, S. badio-berbis is clearly different from S. colensoi 232 by its more massive and higher warts on the ascospores. This is in agreement with previous 233 findings by Otani (1971), Moravec (1978) and   (Otani 1971, Kaushal et al. 1983, 1998; this is the only species with  ). The records from Japan     Habitat. On mostly humid soil but very rarely on rotten wood in areas of fruiting.

460
Notes. Scutellinia patagonica is mainly recognized by medium sized rooting hairs, broadly 461 ellipsoidal ascospores, distinctly tuberculate ornamentation and rounded to angular warts on the 462 ascospore wall surface (Schumacher 1979. Morphological characteristics of the Korean 463 specimens are mostly in agreement with other descriptions of this species, but the ascospores (av.  This is quite different than S. subhirtella that has even small warts usually less than 1.2 µm wide.

471
The Korean specimens might be treated an undescribed species, but we treat it here as a member 472 of a complex of taxa around S. patagonica. Our expanded molecular phylogenetic study of 473 Scutellinia world-wide (in prep.) included specimens identified as S. patagonica by Schumacher.

474
The collections reported here from Korea are most close to those collections. The exact identities 475 of these taxa remain to be fully resolved.  Notes. This species is easily recognized by small apothecia gregariously distributed on damp 554 rotting wood and the smooth ascospore walls. The Korean specimen is well in agreement with a 555 description of S. setosa by . This species was often regarded to be identical 556 with S. erinaceus (Schwein.) Kuntze or S. setosissima LeGal. Earlier authors (Denison 1959, 557 Svrček 1971, 1981) wrongly used the name S. erinaceus for the specimens with smooth 558 ascospores, possibly representing S. setosa, as LeGal (1966LeGal ( , 1968) and  559 pointed out that S. erinaceus has a coarsely verrucose-spored taxon. Scutellinia setosissima 560 appears smooth under optic microscopy, but this species indeed has minutely verrucose 561 ascospores when they are observed under SEM