@article {Forster2010, author = {Forster, Jason D. and Noh, Heeso and Liew, Seng Fatt and Saranathan, Vinodkumar and Schreck, Crl F. and Yang, Lin and Park, Jin-Gyu and Prum, Richard O. and Mochrie, Simon G. J. and O'Hern, Corey S. and Cao, Hui and Dufresne, Eric R.}, title = {Biomimetic Isotropic Nanostructures for Structural Coloration}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {22}, number = {26-27}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-4095}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903693}", doi = {10.1002/adma.200903693}, pages = {2939--2944}, keywords = {Biomimetics, Nanostructures, Self-assembly}, year = {2010}, } @article {Harun-Ur-Rashid2010, author = {Harun-Ur-Rashid, Mohammad and Bin Imran, Abu and Seki, Takahiro and Ishii, Masahiko and Nakamura, Hiroshi and Takeoka, Yukikazu}, title = {Angle-Independent Structural Color in Colloidal Amorphous Arrays}, journal = {ChemPhysChem}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1439-7641}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200900869}", doi = {10.1002/cphc.200900869}, pages = {579--583}, keywords = {colloids, doping, self-assembly, structural colors, viewing angles}, year = {2010}, } @article {Garcia2010, author = {Garc\'{i}a, Pedro David and Sapienza, Riccardo and L\'{o}pez, Cefe}, title = {Photonic Glasses: A Step Beyond White Paint}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-4095}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200900827}", doi = {10.1002/adma.200900827}, pages = {12--19}, keywords = {Photonic Glass, Self-assembly, Photonic crystals, Thin films}, year = {2010}, } @article{Rojas2002, volume = {60}, journal = {Europhys.Lett.}, month = {Dec}, author = {Rojas, L. F. and Urban, C. and Schurtenberger, P. and Gisler, T. and von Gr\"{u}nberg, H. H.}, title = {Reappearance of structure in colloidal suspensions}, year = {2002}, howpublished = "\url{http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/60/5/802}", doi = {10.1209/epl/i2002-00380-5}, issue = {5}, publisher = {IOPscience}, pages = {802--808} } @article{Rojas-Ochoa2004, volume = {93}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, month = {Aug}, numpages = {4}, author = {Rojas-Ochoa, L. F. and Mendez-Alcaraz, J. M. and S\'aenz, J. J. and Schurtenberger, P. and Scheffold, F.}, title = {Photonic Properties of Strongly Correlated Colloidal Liquids}, year = {2004}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.073903}", doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.073903}, issue = {7}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, pages = {073903} } @article{Prum1998, volume = {396}, journal = {Nature}, month = {Nov}, numpages = {}, author = {Prum, Richard O. and Torres, Rodolfo H. and Williamson, Scott and Dyck, Jan}, title = {Coherent light scattering by blue feather barbs}, year = {1998}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v396/n6706/full/396028a0.html}", doi = {}, issue = {}, publisher = {Macmillan Magazines Ltd.}, } @article{Perro2009, author = {Perro, Adeline and Meng, Guangnan and Fung, Jerome and Manoharan, Vinothan N.}, title = {Design and Synthesis of Model Transparent Aqueous Colloids with Optimal Scattering Properties}, journal = {Langmuir}, volume = {25}, number = {19}, pages = {11295-11298}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1021/la902861x}, howpublished = "\url{http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la902861x}", eprint = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/la902861x} } @article{Bazin2012, author ={Bazin, Gwenaelle and Zhu, X. X.}, title ={Understanding the thermo-sensitivity of crystalline colloidal arrays formed by {poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide)} core-shell microspheres}, journal ={Soft Matter}, year ={2012}, volume ={8}, issue ={6}, pages ={1909-1915}, publisher ={The Royal Society of Chemistry}, doi ={10.1039/C1SM06344H}, url ={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1SM06344H}, abstract ={Poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) core-shell microspheres have been synthesized by a two-step surfactant-free emulsion polymerization process. These microspheres are thermo-responsive with a clear volume phase transition around 30 [degree]C and form crystalline colloidal arrays over a wide range of concentrations. The resulting crystalline arrays also display a response to temperature{,} visible through a change in the diffraction spectrum. However{,} the response appears to be highly dependent on the microsphere concentration. This behavior originates from a change in the short-range interactions between particles rather than from the volume change of the particles caused by the volume phase transition. Attractive van der Waals interactions increase while repulsions decrease; these changes only affect the equilibrium of concentrated samples{,} where the interparticle distance is sufficiently short to have an effect.} } @article{Velikov2002, author = {Krassimir P. Velikov and Alexander Moroz and Alfons van Blaaderen}, title = {Photonic crystals of core-shell colloidal particles}, publisher = {AIP}, year = {2002}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {80}, number = {1}, pages = {49-51}, keywords = {zinc compounds; II-VI semiconductors; silicon compounds; photonic band gap; colloids; light transmission; spectral line breadth}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/80/49/1}", doi = {10.1063/1.1431698}, } @article{Karg2011, author = {Karg, Matthias and Hellweg, Thomas and Mulvaney, Paul}, title = {Self-Assembly of Tunable Nanocrystal Superlattices Using Poly-{(NIPAM)} Spacers}, journal = {Advanced Functional Materials}, volume = {21}, number = {24}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1616-3028}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101115}", doi = {10.1002/adfm.201101115}, pages = {4668--4676}, keywords = {nanocrystal superlattice, Plasmon resonance, Gold nanocrystals, PNIPAM, thermoresponsive}, year = {2011}, } @misc{PrumCommunication, author = {Richard O. Prum}, howpublished = "{personal communication}", year = 2010 } @article{Jin2001, volume = {63}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, author = {Jin, Chongjun and Meng, Xiaodong and Cheng, Bingying and Li, Zhaolin and Zhang, Daozhong}, month = {Apr}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.195107}", doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.63.195107}, year = {2001}, title = {Photonic gap in amorphous photonic materials}, issue = {19}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, numpages = {5}, pages = {195107} } @article{Dong2010, author = {B. Q. Dong and X. H. Liu and T. R. Zhan and L. P. Jiang and H. W. Yin and F. Liu and J. Zi}, journal = {Opt. Express}, keywords = {Multiple scattering; Color, measurement ; Photonic crystals}, number = {14}, pages = {14430--14438}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Structural coloration and photonic pseudogap in natural random close-packing photonic structures}, volume = {18}, month = {Jul}, year = {2010}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-14-14430}", doi = {10.1364/OE.18.014430}, abstract = {Scales on the elytra of longhorn beetle Anoplophora graafi display diverse non-iridescent colors ranging from blue, green, yellow, and red to purple. By structural characterizations, optical measurements, and theoretical calculations, we found that the scale colors stem from an amorphous photonic structure possessing only short-range order: random close-packing of chitin nanoparticles. Our results showed that direction-independent photonic pseudogaps found in the photon density of states of the random close-packing photonic structure are the ultimate physical origin for non-iridescent coloration of scales. The color steering strategy of scales is ingenious, simply by varying the size of chitin nanoparticles. Revealed natural random close-packing photonic structures and the color steering strategy of scales could render valuable inspiration for the artificial fabrication and design of photonic structures and devices as well.}, } @article {Garcia2007, author = {Garc\'{i}a, P. D. and Sapienza, R. and Blanco, \'{A}. and L\'{o}pez, C.}, title = {Photonic Glass: A Novel Random Material for Light}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {19}, number = {18}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-4095}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602426}", doi = {10.1002/adma.200602426}, pages = {2597--2602}, keywords = {Glasses, Photonic crystals, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Polymers, Polystyrene}, year = {2007}, } @article{Ueno2009, author = {Ueno, Kazuhide and Inaba, Aya and Sano, Yuta and Kondoh, Masashi and Watanabe, Masayoshi}, title = {A soft glassy colloidal array in ionic liquid, which exhibits homogeneous, non-brilliant and angle-independent structural colours}, journal = {Chemical Communications}, year = {2009}, issue = {24}, pages = {3603--3605}, publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, doi = {10.1039/B905108B}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B905108B}, } @article{Sanders1964, volume = {204}, journal = {Nature}, month = {Dec}, numpages = {}, author = {Sanders, J.V.}, title = {Colour of Precious Opal}, year = {1964}, howpublished = "\url{www.nature.com/nature/journal/v204/n4964/pdf/2041151a0.pdf}", doi = {}, issue = {}, publisher = {Macmillan Magazines Ltd.}, } @book{MoldingTheFlowOfLight, author = {Joannopoulos, John D. and Johnson, Steven G. and Winn, Joshua N. and Meade, Robert D.}, title = {Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {2008}, edition = {second}, } @article{Ruhl2003, title = "Artificial opals prepared by melt compression", journal = "Polymer", volume = "44", number = "25", pages = "7625 - 7634", year = "2003", note = "", issn = "0032-3861", doi = "10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.047", howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032386103008711}", author = "T. Ruhl and P. Spahn and G.P. Hellmann", keywords = "Photonic crystals", keywords = "Opals", keywords = "Emulsion polymerisation" } @article{Wijnhoven1998, author = {Wijnhoven, Judith E. G. J. and Vos, Willem L.}, title = {Preparation of Photonic Crystals Made of Air Spheres in Titania}, volume = {281}, number = {5378}, pages = {802-804}, year = {1998}, doi = {10.1126/science.281.5378.802}, abstract ={Three-dimensional crystals of air spheres in titania (TiO2) with radii between 120 and 1000 nanometers were made by filling the voids in artificial opals by precipitation from a liquid-phase chemical reaction and subsequently removing the original opal material by calcination. These macroporous materials are a new class of photonic band gap crystals for the optical spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical microscopy confirm the quality of the samples, and optical reflectivity demonstrates that the crystals are strongly photonic and near that needed to exhibit band gap behavior.}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5378/802.abstract}", eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5378/802.full.pdf}, journal = {Science} } @article{Baumberg2009, title = {Resonant optical scattering in nanoparticle-doped polymer photonic crystals}, author = {Baumberg, J. J. and Pursiainen, O. L. and Spahn, P.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {80}, issue = {20}, pages = {201103}, numpages = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {Nov}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.80.201103}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.201103}", publisher = {American Physical Society} } @article{Pursiainen2007, author = {Otto L. Pursiainen and Jeremy J. Baumberg and Holger Winkler and Benjamin Viel and Peter Spahn and Tilmann Ruhl}, journal = {Opt. Express}, keywords = {Optical properties; Polymers; Scattering, particles; Color}, number = {15}, pages = {9553--9561}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Nanoparticle-tuned structural color from polymer opals}, volume = {15}, month = {Jul}, year = {2007}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-15-15-9553}", doi = {10.1364/OE.15.009553}, abstract = {The production of high-quality low-defect single-domain flexible polymer opals which possess fundamental photonic bandgaps tuneable across the visible and near-infrared regions is demonstrated in an industrially-scalable process. Incorporating sub-50nm nanoparticles into the interstices of the fcc lattice dramatically changes the perceived color without affecting the lattice quality. Contrary to iridescence based on Bragg diffraction, color generation arises through spectrally-resonant scattering inside the 3D photonic crystal. Viewing angles widen beyond 40{\textordmasculine} removing the strong dependence of the perceived color on the position of light sources, greatly enhancing the color appearance. This opens up a range of decorative, sensing, security and photonic applications, and suggests an origin for structural colors in Nature.}, } @article{Imhof1997, author = {Imhof, A. and Pine, D. J.}, journal = {Nature}, number = {}, pages = {948--951}, publisher = {Macmillan Magazines Ltd.}, title = {Ordered macroporous materials by emulsion templating}, volume = {389}, month = {Oct}, year = {1997}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/40105}", } @article{Colvin2001, author = {Colvin, Vicki L.}, journal = {MRC Bulletin}, pages = {637--641}, title = {From Opals to Optics: Colloidal Photonic Crystals}, volume = {26}, year = {2001}, doi = {doi:10.1557/mrs2001.159}, } @article {Galisteo-Lopez2011, author = {Galisteo-L\'{o}pez, Juan F. and Ibisate, Marta and Sapienza, Riccardo and Froufe-P\'{e}rez, Luis S. and Blanco, \'{A}lvaro and L\'{o}pez, Cefe}, title = {Self-Assembled Photonic Structures}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-4095}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000356}", doi = {10.1002/adma.201000356}, pages = {30--69}, keywords = {Self-assembly, photonic crystals, optical properties, colloids, random media}, year = {2011}, } @article {Marlow2009, author = {Marlow, Frank and Muldarisnur and Sharifi, Parvin and Brinkmann, Rainer and Mendive, Cecilia}, title = {Opals: Status and Prospects}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {48}, number = {34}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-3773}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200900210}", doi = {10.1002/anie.200900210}, pages = {6212--6233}, keywords = {nanostructures, opals, photonic crystals, photophysics, self-assembly}, year = {2009}, } @article{Dingenouts1998, author = {Dingenouts, N. and Norhausen, Ch. and Ballauff, M.}, title = {Observation of the Volume Transition in Thermosensitive Core-Shell Latex Particles by Small-Angle {X-ray} Scattering}, journal = {Macromolecules}, volume = {31}, number = {25}, pages = {8912--8917}, year = {1998}, doi = {10.1021/ma980985t}, howpublished = "\url{http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma980985t}", } @article{Asakura1954, author = {Asakura, Sho and Oosawa, Fumio}, title = {On Interaction between Two Bodies Immersed in a Solution of Macromolecules}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics}, volume = {22}, pages = {1255--1256}, year = {1954}, doi = {10.1063/1.1740347}, howpublished = "\url{http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v22/i7/p1255_s2}", } @article {Asakura1958, author = {Asakura, Sho and Oosawa, Fumio}, title = {Interaction between particles suspended in solutions of macromolecules}, journal = {Journal of Polymer Science}, volume = {33}, number = {126}, publisher = {Interscience Publishers, Inc.}, issn = {1542-6238}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1958.1203312618}", doi = {10.1002/pol.1958.1203312618}, pages = {183--192}, year = {1958}, } @article {MaxwellGarnett1904, author = {Maxwell Garnett, J. C.}, title = {Colours in Metal Glasses and in Metallic Films}, journal = {Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A}, volume = {203}, howpublished = "\url{rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/203/359-371/385.full.pdf+html?sid=e873ee0b-0e40-46a1-b9bf-6f0ca95a5149}", doi = {10.1098/rsta.1904.0024}, pages = {385--420}, year = {1904}, } @article {Goodwin1974, author = {Goodwin, J. W. and Hearn, J. and Ho, C. C. and Ottewill, R. H.}, title = {Studies on the preparation and characterisation of monodisperse polystyrene latices}, journal = {Colloid and Polymer Sci.}, volume = {252}, number = {6}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.springerlink.com/content/tk6026832424184u/}", doi = {10.1007/BF01554752}, pages = {464--471}, year = {1974}, } @article{Mattsson2009, author = {Mattsson, Johan and Wyss, Hans M. and Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto and Miyazaki, Kunimasa and Hu, Zhibing and Reichman, David R. and Weitz, David A.}, journal = {Nature}, number = {}, pages = {83--86}, publisher = {Macmillan Magazines Ltd.}, title = {Soft colloids make strong glasses}, volume = {462}, month = {Nov}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1038/nature08457}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08457}", } @article{Rust2006, author = {Rust, Michael J and Bates, Mark and Zhuang, Xiaowei}, journal = {Nature Methods}, number = {}, pages = {793--796}, title = {Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy {(STORM)}}, volume = {3}, month = {Oct}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1038/nmeth929}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth929}", } @article{Betzig2006, author = {Betzig, Eric and Patterson, George H. and Sougrat, Rachid and Lindwasser, O. Wolf and Olenych, Scott and Bonifacino, Juan S. and Davidson, Michael W. and Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer and Hess, Harald F.}, journal = {Science}, number = {5793}, pages = {1642--1645}, title = {Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution}, volume = {313}, month = {}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1126/science.1127344}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5793/1642.abstract}", abstract ={We introduce a method for optically imaging intracellular proteins at nanometer spatial resolution. Numerous sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent protein molecules were activated, localized (to ∼2 to 25 nanometers), and then bleached. The aggregate position information from all subsets was then assembled into a superresolution image. We used this method—termed photoactivated localization microscopy—to image specific target proteins in thin sections of lysosomes and mitochondria; in fixed whole cells, we imaged vinculin at focal adhesions, actin within a lamellipodium, and the distribution of the retroviral protein Gag at the plasma membrane.}, } @book{BohrenHuffman, author = {Bohren, Craig F. and Huffman, Donald R.}, title = {Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, year = {2004}, } @book{MathematicalMethodsInThePhysicalSciences, author = {Boas, Mary L.}, title = {Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences}, edition = {third}, publisher = {Wiley}, year = {2006}, } @book{Hecht, author = {Hecht, Eugene}, title = {Optics}, publisher = {Addison Wesley}, year = {2002}, } @article{Hatton2010, author = {Hatton, Benjamin and Mishchenko, Lidiya and Davis, Stan and Sandhage, Kenneth H. and Aizenberg, Joanna}, title = {Assembly of large-area, highly ordered, crack-free inverse opal films}, volume = {107}, number = {23}, pages = {10354--10359}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1000954107}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.pnas.org/content/107/23/10354.abstract}", eprint = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/23/10354.full.pdf+html}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences} } @article{Pusey1987, author = {Pusey, P.N.}, title = {The effect of polydispersity on the crystallization of hard spherical colloids}, volume = {48}, number = {5}, pages = {709--712}, year = {1987}, doi = {10.1051/jphys:01987004805070900}, howpublished = "\url{http://jphys.journaldephysique.org/articles/jphys/abs/1987/05/jphys_1987__48_5_709_0/jphys_1987__48_5_709_0.html}", journal = {Journal de Physique France} } @article{Cheong2011, author ={Cheong, Fook Chiong and Xiao, Ke and Pine, David J. and Grier, David G.}, title ={Holographic characterization of individual colloidal spheres{'} porosities}, journal ={Soft Matter}, year ={2011}, volume ={7}, issue ={15}, pages ={6816--6819}, publisher ={The Royal Society of Chemistry}, doi ={10.1039/C1SM05577A}, url ={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1SM05577A}, abstract ={Holograms of colloidal spheres recorded through holographic video microscopy can be analyzed with the theory of light scattering to measure individual spheres{'} sizes and refractive indexes with part-per-thousand resolution. This information{,} in turn{,} can be interpreted to estimate each sphere{'}s porosity.} } @article{Kaplan1994, title = {Diffuse-transmission spectroscopy: A structural probe of opaque colloidal mixtures}, author = {Kaplan, P. D. and Dinsmore, A. D. and Yodh, A. G. and Pine, D. J.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E}, volume = {50}, issue = {6}, pages = {4827--4835}, numpages = {0}, year = {1994}, month = {Dec}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.50.4827}, } @article{PercusYevick1958, title = {Analysis of Classical Statistical Mechanics by Means of Collective Coordinates}, author = {Percus, Jerome K. and Yevick, George J.}, journal = {Phys. Rev.}, volume = {110}, issue = {1}, pages = {1--13}, numpages = {0}, year = {1958}, month = {Apr}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.110.1}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.110.1}" } @article {Mie1908, author = {Mie, Gustav}, title = {Contributions to the Optics of Turbid Media, Particularly of Colloidal Metal Solutions}, journal = {Annalen der Physik}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {377--445}, year = {1908}, } @article{Mie1908translation, author = {{Mie}, G.}, title = "{Contributions to the optics of turbid media, particularly of colloidal metal solutions}", keywords = {COLLOIDS, METAL PARTICLES, TURBIDITY, COLOR, ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION, GOLD, LIGHT SCATTERING, MAXWELL EQUATION, OPTICAL REFLECTION, REFRACTION, SOLID SUSPENSIONS, SPHERES}, booktitle = {Contributions to the optics of turbid media, particularly of colloidal metal solutions Transl. into ENGLISH from Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), v. 25, no. 3, 1908 p 377-445}, year = 1976, month = feb, pages = {377-445}, } @book{ChaikinLubensky, author = {Chaikin, P. M. and Lubensky, T. C.}, title = {Principles of Condensed Matter Physics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2007}, } @article{Magkiriadou2012, author = {Magkiriadou, Sofia and Park, Jin-Gyu and Kim, Young-Seok and Manoharan, Vinothan N.}, journal = {Opt. Mater. Express}, keywords = {Color; Artificially engineered materials ; Nanophotonics and photonic crystals}, number = {10}, pages = {1343--1352}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Disordered packings of core-shell particles with angle-independent structural colors}, volume = {2}, month = {Oct}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1364/OME.2.001343}, abstract = {Making materials that display angle-independent structural color requires control over both scattering and short-range correlations in the refractive index. We demonstrate a simple way to make such materials by packing core-shell colloidal particles consisting of high-refractive-index cores and soft, transparent shells. The core-shell structure allows us to control the scattering cross-section of the particles independently of the interparticle distance, which sets the resonance condition. At the same time, the softness of the shells makes it easy to assemble disordered structures through centrifugation. We show that packings of these particles display angle-independent structural colors that can be tuned by changing the shell diameter, either by using different particles or simply by varying the concentration of the suspension. The transparency of the suspensions can be tuned independently of the color by changing the core diameter. These materials might be useful for electronic displays, cosmetics, or long-lasting dyes.}, } @article{Magkiriadou2014, title = {Absence of red structural color in photonic glasses, bird feathers, and certain beetles}, author = {Magkiriadou, Sofia and Park, Jin-Gyu and Kim, Young-Seok and Manoharan, Vinothan N.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E}, volume = {90}, issue = {6}, pages = {062302}, numpages = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {Dec}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.90.062302}, url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.062302} } @article{Kumano2011, author = {Kumano, Naomi and Seki, Takahiro and Ishii, Masahiko and Nakamura, Hiroshi and Takeoka, Yukikazu}, journal = {Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.}, keywords = {color, gels, self-assembly, solvatochromism}, number = {17}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, title = {Tunable Angle-Independent Structural Color from a Phase-Separated Porous Gel}, volume = {50}, year = {2011}, pages = {4012--4015 } doi = {10.1002/anie.201008182}, } @misc{pyoz, author = {Lubo\v{s} Vrbka}, title = {pyOZ ... iterative Ornstein-Zernike equation solver in Python}, howpublished = "\url{http://pyoz.vrbka.net/}", number = {0.3}, } @Article{Gotoh2012, author ="Gotoh, Yoshie and Suzuki, Hiromasa and Kumano, Naomi and Seki, Takahiro and Katagiri, Kiyofumi and Takeoka, Yukikazu", title ="An amorphous array of {poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)} brush-coated silica particles for thermally tunable angle-independent photonic band gap materials", journal ="New J. Chem.", year ="2012", volume ="36", issue ="11", pages ="2171-2175", publisher ="The Royal Society of Chemistry", doi ="10.1039/C2NJ40368D", abstract ="We precisely prepared thermo-responsive fine core-shell particles consisting of submicron sized silica particles as cores and high-density polymer brushes of thermo-responsive {poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)} {(PNIPA)} as shells. The shells were grown by atom transfer radical polymerisation from the initiator that was modified on the surface of the cores. These core-shell particles tend to aggregate in water{,} even at lower temperatures than the lower critical solution temperature of linear PNIPA. Nevertheless{,} along with PNIPA in water{,} changes in the particle size are dependent on water temperature. In accordance with these properties{,} the amorphous array of the core-shell particles exhibits temperature-reversible changes in the position and the strength of the photonic band gap that does not depend on angle."}, } @Article{Lee2010, author ={Lee, Insook and Kim, Daihyun and Kal, Jinha and Baek, Heeyoel and Kwak, Dongwoo and Go, Dahyeon and Kim, Eunjoo and Kang, Changjoon and Chung, Jeyon and Jang, Yulim and Ji, Seungwook and Joo, Jaehyun and Kang, Youngjong}, title ={Quasi-Amorphous Colloidal Structures for Electrically Tunable Full-Color Photonic Pixels with Angle-Independency}, journal ={Adv. Mater.}, year ={2010}, volume ={44}, pages ={4973--4977}, publisher ={WILEY-VCH}, doi ={10.1002/adma.201001954}, abstract ={We precisely prepared thermo-responsive fine core-shell particles consisting of submicron sized silica particles as cores and high-density polymer brushes of thermo-responsive {poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)} {(PNIPA)} as shells. The shells were grown by atom transfer radical polymerisation from the initiator that was modified on the surface of the cores. These core-shell particles tend to aggregate in water{,} even at lower temperatures than the lower critical solution temperature of linear PNIPA. Nevertheless{,} along with PNIPA in water{,} changes in the particle size are dependent on water temperature. In accordance with these properties{,} the amorphous array of the core-shell particles exhibits temperature-reversible changes in the position and the strength of the photonic band gap that does not depend on angle.}, keywords = {Photonic Crystals, Quasi-Amorphous Materials, Tunability, Angle Independency, Displays}, } @article{Takeoka2009, author = {Takeoka, Yukikazu and Honda, Masaki and Seki, Takahiro and Ishii, Masahiko and Nakamura, Hiroshi}, title = {Structural Colored Liquid Membrane without Angle Dependence}, journal = {ACS Applied Materials \& Interfaces}, volume = {1}, number = {5}, pages = {982-986}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1021/am900074v}, note ={PMID: 20355881}, } @article{Kurita2010, title = {Experimental study of random-close-packed colloidal particles}, author = {Kurita, Rei and Weeks, Eric R.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E}, volume = {82}, issue = {1}, pages = {011403}, numpages = {9}, year = {2010}, month = {Jul}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.82.011403}, publisher = {American Physical Society} } @article{Dufresne2009, author ="Dufresne, Eric R. and Noh, Heeso and Saranathan, Vinodkumar and Mochrie, Simon G. J. and Cao, Hui and Prum, Richard O.", title ="Self-assembly of amorphous biophotonic nanostructures by phase separation", journal ="Soft Matter", year ="2009", volume ="5", issue ="9", pages ="1792-1795", publisher ="The Royal Society of Chemistry", doi ="10.1039/B902775K", abstract ="Some of the most vivid colors in the animal kingdom are created not by pigments{,} but by wavelength-selective scattering of light from nanostructures. Here we investigate quasi-ordered nanostructures of avian feather barbs which produce vivid non-iridescent colors. These $\beta$-keratin and air nanostructures are found in two basic morphologies: tortuous channels and amorphous packings of spheres. Each class of nanostructure is isotropic and has a pronounced characteristic length scale of variation in composition. These local structural correlations lead to strong backscattering over a narrow range of optical frequencies an d little variation with angle of incidence. Such optical properties play important roles in social and sexual communication. To be effective{,} birds need to precisely control the development of these nanoscale structures{,} yet little is known about how they grow. We hypothesize that multiple lineages of birds have convergently evolved to exploit phase separation and kinetic arrest to self-assemble spongy color-producing nanostructures in feather barbs. Observed avian nanostructures are strikingly similar to those self-assembled during the phase separation of fluid mixtures; the channel and sphere morphologies are characteristic of phase separation by spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth{,} respectively. These unstable structures are locked-in by the kinetic arrest of the $\beta$-keratin matrix{,} likely through the entanglement or cross-linking of supermolecular $\beta$-keratin fibers. Using the power of self-assembly{,} birds can robustly realize a diverse range of nanoscopic morphologies with relatively small physical and chemical changes during feather development."} @article{Leertouwer2011, author = {Hein L. Leertouwer and Bodo D. Wilts and Doekele G. Stavenga}, journal = {Opt. Express}, keywords = {Photorefractive materials; Biology; Microscopy; Biomaterials}, number = {24}, pages = {24061--24066}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Refractive index and dispersion of butterfly chitin and bird keratin measured by polarizing interference microscopy}, volume = {19}, month = {Nov}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1364/OE.19.024061}, abstract = {Using Jamin-Lebedeff interference microscopy, we measured the wavelength dependence of the refractive index of butterfly wing scales and bird feathers. The refractive index values of the glass scales of the butterfly Graphium sarpedon are, at wavelengths 400, 500 and 600 nm, 1.572, 1.552 and 1.541, and those of the feather barbules of the white goose Anas anas domestica are 1.569, 1.556 and 1.548, respectively. The dispersion spectra of the chitin in the butterfly scales and the keratin in the bird barbules are well described by the Cauchy equation n($\lambda$) $=$ A $+$ B/$\lambda$2, with A $=$ 1.517 and B $=$ 8.80{\textperiodcentered}103 nm2 for the butterfly chitin and A $=$ 1.532 and B $=$ 5.89{\textperiodcentered}103 nm2 for the bird keratin.}, } @article{Vos1996, title = {Strong effects of photonic band structures on the diffraction of colloidal crystals}, author = {Vos, Willem L. and Sprik, Rudolf and van Blaaderen, Alfons and Imhof, Arnout and Lagendijk, Ad and Wegdam, Gerard H.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. B}, volume = {53}, issue = {24}, pages = {16231--16235}, year = {1996}, month = {Jun}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.53.16231}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, } @article {Park2014, author = {Park, Jin-Gyu and Kim, Shin-Hyun and Magkiriadou, Sofia and Choi, Tae Min and Kim, Young-Seok and Manoharan, Vinothan N.}, title = {Full-Spectrum Photonic Pigments with Non-iridescent Structural Colors through Colloidal Assembly}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie}, volume = {126}, number = {11}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-3757}, doi = {10.1002/ange.201309306}, pages = {2943--2947}, keywords = {Farbstoffe/Pigmente, Isotrope Strukturen, Kolloide, Mikrofluidik, Strukturfarben}, year = {2014}, } @article{Noh2010AdvMat, author = {Noh, Heeso and Liew, Seng Fatt and Saranathan, Vinodkumar and Mochrie, Simon G. J. and Prum, Richard O. and Dufresne, Eric R. and Cao, Hui}, title = {Structural Color: How Noniridescent Colors Are Generated by Quasi-ordered Structures of Bird Feathers}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {22}, number = {26-27}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-4095}, doi = {10.1002/adma.201090094}, keywords = {Nanostructures, Organismal color, Structural colors, Iridescence, Bird feathers}, year = {2010}, } @article{Noh2010OptExpress, author = {Heeso Noh and Seng Fatt Liew and Vinodkumar Saranathan and Richard O. Prum and Simon G. J. Mochrie and Eric R. Dufresne and Hui Cao}, journal = {Opt. Express}, keywords = {Multiple scattering; Biomaterials ; Nanophotonics and photonic crystals}, number = {11}, pages = {11942--11948}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Double scattering of light from Biophotonic Nanostructures with short-range order}, volume = {18}, month = {May}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1364/OE.18.011942}, abstract = {We investigate the physical mechanism for color production by isotropic nanostructures with short-range order in bird feather barbs. While the primary peak in optical scattering spectra results from constructive interference of singly-scattered light, many species exhibit secondary peaks with distinct characteristic. Our experimental and numerical studies show that these secondary peaks result from double scattering of light by the correlated structures. Without an analog in periodic or random structures, such a phenomenon is unique for short-range ordered structures, and has been widely used by nature for non-iridescent structural coloration.}, } @article{Noh2010PRE, title = {Contribution of double scattering to structural coloration in quasiordered nanostructures of bird feathers}, author = {Noh, Heeso and Liew, Seng Fatt and Saranathan, Vinodkumar and Prum, Richard O. and Mochrie, Simon G. J. and Dufresne, Eric R. and Cao, Hui}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E}, volume = {81}, issue = {5}, pages = {051923}, numpages = {8}, year = {2010}, month = {May}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.81.051923}, } @article{Stoddard2011, author = {Stoddard, Mary Caswell and Prum, Richard O.}, title = {How colorful are birds? {Evolution} of the avian plumage color gamut}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1093/beheco/arr088}, abstract ={The avian plumage color gamut is the complete range of plumage colors, as seen by birds themselves. We used a tetrahedral avian color stimulus space to estimate the avian plumage color gamut from a taxonomically diverse sample of 965 plumage patches from 111 avian species. Our sample represented all known types of plumage coloration mechanisms. The diversity of avian plumage colors occupies only a portion (26–30\%, using violet-sensitive and ultraviolet-sensitive models, respectively) of the total available avian color space, which represents all colors birds can theoretically see and discriminate. For comparison, we also analyzed 2350 plant colors, including an expansive set of flowers. Bird plumages have evolved away from brown bark and green leaf backgrounds and have achieved some striking colors unattainable by flowers. Feather colors form discrete hue “continents,” leaving vast regions of avian color space unoccupied. We explore several possibilities for these unoccupied hue regions. Some plumage colors may be difficult or impossible to make (constrained by physiological and physical mechanisms), whereas others may be disadvantageous or unattractive (constrained by natural and sexual selection). The plumage gamut of early lineages of living birds was probably small and dominated by melanin-based colors. Over evolutionary time, novel coloration mechanisms allowed plumages to colonize unexplored regions of color space. Pigmentary innovations evolved to broaden the gamut of possible communication signals. Furthermore, the independent origins of structural coloration in many lineages enabled evolutionary expansions into places unreachable by pigmentary mechanisms alone.}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {22}, issue = {5}, pages = {1042--1052}, } @article{Saranathan2012, author = {Saranathan, Vinodkumar and Forster, Jason D. and Noh, Heeso and Liew, Seng-Fatt and Mochrie, Simon G. J. and Cao, Hui and Dufresne, Eric R. and Prum, Richard O.}, title = {Structure and optical function of amorphous photonic nanostructures from avian feather barbs: a comparative small angle X-ray scattering {(SAXS)} analysis of 230 bird species}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1098/rsif.2012.0191}, abstract ={Non-iridescent structural colours of feathers are a diverse and an important part of the phenotype of many birds. These colours are generally produced by three-dimensional, amorphous (or quasi-ordered) spongy $\beta$-keratin and air nanostructures found in the medullary cells of feather barbs. Two main classes of three-dimensional barb nanostructures are known, characterized by a tortuous network of air channels or a close packing of spheroidal air cavities. Using synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and optical spectrophotometry, we characterized the nanostructure and optical function of 297 distinctly coloured feathers from 230 species belonging to 163 genera in 51 avian families. The SAXS data provided quantitative diagnoses of the channel- and sphere-type nanostructures, and confirmed the presence of a predominant, isotropic length scale of variation in refractive index that produces strong reinforcement of a narrow band of scattered wavelengths. The SAXS structural data identified a new class of rudimentary or weakly nanostructured feathers responsible for slate-grey, and blue-grey structural colours. SAXS structural data provided good predictions of the single-scattering peak of the optical reflectance of the feathers. The SAXS structural measurements of channel- and sphere-type nanostructures are also similar to experimental scattering data from synthetic soft matter systems that self-assemble by phase separation. These results further support the hypothesis that colour-producing protein and air nanostructures in feather barbs are probably self-assembled by arrested phase separation of polymerizing $\beta$-keratin from the cytoplasm of medullary cells. Such avian amorphous photonic nanostructures with isotropic optical properties may provide biomimetic inspiration for photonic technology.}, journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface}, } @article{Liew2011, title = {Photonic band gaps in three-dimensional network structures with short-range order}, author = {Liew, Seng Fatt and Yang, Jin-Kyu and Noh, Heeso and Schreck, Carl F. and Dufresne, Eric R. and O'Hern, Corey S. and Cao, Hui}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {84}, issue = {6}, pages = {063818}, numpages = {6}, year = {2011}, month = {Dec}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.84.063818}, } @article{DAlba2011, author = {D'Alba, Liliana and Saranathan, Vinodkumar and Clarke, Julia A. and Vinther, Jakob A. and Prum, Richard O. and Shawkey, Matthew D.}, title = {Colour-producing $\beta$-keratin nanofibres in blue penguin {(Eudyptula minor)} feathers}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, pages = {543-546}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.1163}, abstract ={The colours of living organisms are produced by the differential absorption of light by pigments (e.g. carotenoids, melanins) and/or by the physical interactions of light with biological nanostructures, referred to as structural colours. Only two fundamental morphologies of non-iridescent nanostructures are known in feathers, and recent work has proposed that they self-assemble by intracellular phase separation processes. Here, we report a new biophotonic nanostructure in the non-iridescent blue feather barbs of blue penguins (Eudyptula minor) composed of parallel $\beta$-keratin nanofibres organized into densely packed bundles. Synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering and two-dimensional Fourier analysis of electron micrographs of the barb nanostructure revealed short-range order in the organization of fibres at the appropriate size scale needed to produce the observed colour by coherent scattering. These two-dimensional quasi-ordered penguin nanostructures are convergent with similar arrays of parallel collagen fibres in avian and mammalian skin, but constitute a novel morphology for feathers. The identification of a new class of $\beta$-keratin nanostructures adds significantly to the known mechanisms of colour production in birds and suggests additional complexity in their self-assembly.}, journal = {Biology Letters} } @article{Wendusu2014, title = "Novel environment-friendly inorganic red pigments based on ({Bi, Er, Y, Fe)}$_2${O}$_3$ solid solutions ", journal = "Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies ", volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "195--198", year = "2014", note = "", issn = "2187--0764", doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.06.005", howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2187076414000645}", author = "Wendusu and Toshiyuki Masui and Nobuhito Imanaka", keywords = "Bismuth oxide", keywords = "Environment-friendly", keywords = "Red pigment", keywords = "Solid solution", keywords = "Cubic δ-Bi2O3 structure", keywords = "Solid-state reaction ", abstract = "Abstract Novel environmental-friendly inorganic red pigments, ((Bi0.72Er0.28−xYx)1−yFey)2O3 (0 < x ≤ 0.28, y = 0.20), were successfully synthesized using a conventional solid-state reaction method in order to further enhance the red hue of a ((Bi0.72Er0.28)0.80Fe0.20)2O3 pigment, which was previously reported by our group. The color of the samples depended on their composition and the most brilliant red hue was obtained for ((Bi0.72Er0.04Y0.24)0.80Fe0.20)2O3. The a* value corresponding to red chromaticity was +33.1 for ((Bi0.72Er0.04Y0.24)0.80Fe0.20)2O3, and it was greater than those of previously reported ((Bi0.72Er0.28)0.80Fe0.20)2O3 (a* = +30.9) and commercial Fe2O3 (a* = +28.9) pigments. Since the ((Bi0.72Er0.04Y0.24)0.80Fe0.20)2O3 pigment is composed of nontoxic elements (Bi, Er, Y, Fe, and O), it should be an attractive alternative to the conventional Fe2O3 pigments. " } @article{Jansen2000, author = {Jansen, M. and Letschert, H.P.}, title = {Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic metals}, volume = {404}, number = {}, pages = {980--982}, year = {2000}, doi = {10.1038/35010082}, journal = {Nature} } @article{Parker2003, author = {Parker, Andrew R. and McKenzie, David R.}, title = {The cause of 50 million-year-old colour}, volume = {270}, number = {Suppl 2}, pages = {S151-S153}, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2003.0055}, abstract ={Multilayer reflectors cause structural, ‘metallic’ colours in a diversity of animals today, yet are unknown in extinct species. We identify a multilayer reflector, causing structural colour, in a 50-million-year-old beetle from Messel, Germany. It is proposed that the original material of this reflector has been preserved, although this is not a precondition for determining original colours from ancient multilayer reflectors. Therefore, the potential exists to reveal the original colours of other (particularly arthropod) extinct species.}, howpublished = "\url{http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/270/Suppl_2/S151.abstract}", eprint = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/270/Suppl_2/S151.full.pdf+html}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences} } @article{Phillips2014inprep, author = {Phillips et al., Katherine}, title = {}, journal = {}, volume = {}, number = {}, publisher = {}, issn = {}, howpublished = {}, doi = {}, pages = {}, keywords = {}, year = {In preparation.}, } @misc{refractiveindexinfo, author = {}, title = {Refractive index database}, howpublished = "\url{http://refractiveindex.info} (accessed October 27 2014)", year = {2008--2014}, } @article{Jiang1999, author = {Jiang, P. and Bertone, J. F. and Hwang, K. S. and Colvin, V. L.}, title = {Single-Crystal Colloidal Multilayers of Controlled Thickness}, journal = {Chemistry of Materials}, volume = {11}, number = {8}, pages = {2132-2140}, year = {1999}, doi = {10.1021/cm990080+}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm990080+}", eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm990080+} } @article{Velev2000, author = {Velev, Orlin D. and Lenhoff, Abraham M. and Kaler, Eric W.}, title = {A Class of Microstructured Particles Through Colloidal Crystallization}, volume = {287}, number = {5461}, pages = {2240-2243}, year = {2000}, doi = {10.1126/science.287.5461.2240}, abstract ={Microstructured particles were synthesized by growing colloidal crystals in aqueous droplets suspended on fluorinated oil. The droplets template highly ordered and smooth particle assemblies, which diffract light and have remarkable structural stability. The method allows control of particle size and shape from spheres through ellipsoids to toroids by varying the droplet composition. Cocrystallization in colloidal mixtures yields anisotropic particles of organic and inorganic materials that can, for example, be oriented and turned over by magnetic fields. The results open the way to controllable formation of a wide variety of microstructures.}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5461/2240.abstract}", eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5461/2240.full.pdf}, journal = {Science} } @article{Norris2004, author = {Norris, D. J. and Arlinghaus, E. G. and Meng, L. and Heiny, R. and Scriven, L. E.}, title = {Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self--Assembly Work?}, volume = {16}, number = {16}, pages = {1393--1399}, year = {2004}, doi = {10.1002/adma.200400455}, abstract ={}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400455}", eprint = {}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, keywords = {Photonic crystals, Self--assembly}, } @article{Kim2011, author = {Kim, Shin-Hyun and Kim, Jin Woong and Cho, Jun-Cheol and Weitz, David A.}, title = {Double--emulsion drops with ultra--thin shells for capsule templates}, journal = {Lab Chip}, year = {2011}, volume = {11}, issue = {18}, pages = {3162--3166}, publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, doi = {10.1039/C1LC20434C}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1LC20434C}, abstract = {We introduce an emulsification technique that creates monodisperse double-emulsion drops with a core-shell geometry having an ultra-thin wall as a middle layer. We create a biphasic flow in a microfluidic capillary device by forming a sheath flow consisting of a thin layer of a fluid with high affinity to the capillary wall flowing along the inner wall of the capillary, surrounding the innermost fluid. This creates double-emulsion drops, using a single-step emulsification, having a very thin fluid shell. If the shell is solidified, its thickness can be small as a hundred nanometres or even less. Despite the small thickness of this shell, these structures are nevertheless very stable, giving them great potential for encapsulation. We demonstrate this by creating biodegradable microcapsules of poly(lactic acid) with a shell thickness of a few tens of nanometres, which are potentially useful for encapsulation and delivery of drugs, cosmetics, and nutrients.} @article{Kim2013, author = {Kim, Ki-Hyun and Phan, Nhu-Thuc and Kim, Yong-Hyun and Yoon, Hye-On and Brown, Richard J. C.}, title = {Major sources of uncertainties in the analysis of methylmercury using gold amalgamation sampling}, journal = {Anal. Methods}, year = {2013}, volume = {5}, issue ={12}, pages = {3068--3073}, publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry}, doi = {10.1039/C3AY40243F}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3AY40243F}, abstract = {In an effort to improve the accuracy of measurement techniques for methylmercury (MeHg){,} the possible experimental bias in its analysis by the gold amalgamation method was investigated with special reference to gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). To this end{,} a series of calibration experiments were conducted using liquid-phase standards of MeHg prepared at four concentrations (2{,} 4{,} 10{,} and 20 ng [small mu ]L-1) at each of four injection volumes (between 0.2 and 2 [small mu ]L). Calibration results of MeHg were then examined mainly in terms of two calibration approaches: a fixed standard concentration (FSC) method (variable volumetric injection of standards prepared at a given concentration) and fixed standard volume (FSV) method (injection of multiple standards with varying concentrations at a given volume). The calibration results of MeHg{,} when evaluated against those of GEM{,} indicate that the FSC-based calibration of the former is unreliable due to the deterioration of linearity with increasing loading volumes of liquid standard. Thus it is recommended that the FSV approach should be used as the liquid sample loading method to improve the robustness and to minimize the calibration bias of MeHg.} @article{Kim2006, author = {Kim, Shin-Hyun and Lee, Su Yeon and Yi, Gi-Ra and Pine, David J. and Yang, Seung-Man}, title = {Microwave-Assisted Self-Organization of Colloidal Particles in Confining Aqueous Droplets}, journal = {Journal of the American Chemical Society}, volume = {128}, number = {33}, pages = {10897-10904}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1021/ja063528y}, note ={PMID: 16910685}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja063528y}", eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja063528y} } @Article{Shi2010, author ="Shi, Lei and Yin, Haiwei and Zhang, Renyuan and Liu, Xiaohan and Zi, Jian and Zhao, Dongyuan", title ="Macroporous oxide structures with short-range order and bright structural coloration: a replication from parrot feather barbs", journal ="J. Mater. Chem.", year ="2010", volume ="20", issue ="1", pages ="90-93", publisher ="The Royal Society of Chemistry", doi ="10.1039/B915625A", url ="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B915625A", abstract ="Three-dimensional (3-D) macroporous structures with a short-range order of pore arrangements are of both scientific significance and consequent technological impact. Inspired by parrot feather barbs that display a bright blue structural color{,} artificial 3-D macroporous SiO2 and TiO2 structures were successfully fabricated by using the barbs as templates. Structural and optical characterization show that the fabricated structures are 3-D bi-continuous macroporous structures with short-range order and display bright structural colors."} @article{Prum2004, author = {Prum, Richard O. and Torres, Rodolfo H.}, title = {Structural colouration of mammalian skin: convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays}, volume = {207}, number = {12}, pages = {2157-2172}, year = {2004}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.00989}, abstract ={For more than a century, the blue structural colours of mammalian skin have been hypothesized to be produced by incoherent, Rayleigh or Tyndall scattering. We investigated the colour, anatomy, nanostructure and biophysics of structurally coloured skin from two species of primates – mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) and vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) – and two species of marsupials – mouse opossum (Marmosa mexicana) and wooly opossum (Caluromys derbianus). We used two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier analysis of transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) of the collagen arrays in the primate tissues to test whether these structural colours are produced by incoherent or coherent scattering (i.e. constructive interference). The structural colours in Mandrillus rump and facial skin and Cercopithecus scrotum are produced by coherent scattering by quasi-ordered arrays of parallel dermal collagen fibres. The 2-D Fourier power spectra of the collagen arrays from Mandrillus and Cercopithecus reveal ring-shaped distributions of Fourier power at intermediate spatial frequencies, demonstrating a substantial nanostructure of the appropriate spatial frequency to produce the observed blue hues by coherent scattering alone. The Fourier power spectra and the observed reflectance spectra falsify assumptions and predictions of the incoherent, Rayleigh scattering hypothesis. Samples of blue Marmosa and Caluromys scrotum conform generally to the anatomy seen in Mandrillus and Cercopithecus but were not sufficiently well preserved to conduct numerical analyses. Colour-producing collagen arrays in mammals have evolved multiple times independently within the two clades of mammals known to have trichromatic colour vision. Mammalian colour-producing collagen arrays are anatomically and mechanistically identical to structures that have evolved convergently in the dermis of many lineages of birds, the tapetum of some mammals and the cornea of some fishes. These collagen arrays constitute quasi-ordered 2-D photonic crystals.}, howpublished = "\url{http://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/12/2157.abstract}", eprint = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/12/2157.full.pdf+html}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology} } @article{Zhang2010, author = {Gang Sheng Zhang and Zeng Qiong Huang}, journal = {Opt. Express}, keywords = {Optical properties; Photonic bandgap materials}, number = {13}, pages = {13361--13367}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Two-dimensional amorphous photonic structure in the ligament of bivalve Lutraria maximum}, volume = {18}, month = {Jun}, year = {2010}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-13-13361}", doi = {10.1364/OE.18.013361}, abstract = {Here we report a two-dimensional amorphous photonic structure (2D APS) discovered in the ligament of bivalve Lutraria maximum, based on scanning electron microscopy and fiber optic spectrometry combined with the image processing technology and pair correlation function analysis. This structure contains 70\% in volume of parallel aragonite fibers embedded in a protein matrix. These fibers, in cross section, are hexagonal to polygonal with diameters of 194nm and are packed in short-range order with a nearest-neighbor distance of 202nm. Moreover, experimentally measured reflectance spectrum and theoretical predictions prove that this photonic structure gives rise to a golden structural color with the peak wavelength at about 650nm. We expect this unraveled structure may inspire the design and synthesis of a novel 2D APS.}, } @article{Ballato2000, author = {John Ballato}, journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B}, keywords = {Optical materials; Optical properties; Silica; Solgel}, number = {2}, pages = {219--225}, publisher = {OSA}, title = {Tailoring visible photonic bandgaps through microstructural order and coupled material effects in {SiO}$_2$ colloidal crystals}, volume = {17}, month = {Feb}, year = {2000}, howpublished = "\url{http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-17-2-219}", doi = {10.1364/JOSAB.17.000219}, abstract = {Photonic bandgap effects were observed in particulate arrays of solution-derived SiO2 particles prepared by the forced and unforced sedimentation of colloidal suspensions. The spectral shape of the bandgap is shown experimentally to correlate directly to the degree of microstructural order and is discussed by analogy to the x-ray diffraction of crystals, glasses, and glass--ceramics. An optical temperature sensor was made by use of the thermoptic differences between SiO2 and an organic liquid infiltrated into the particle interstices. This provides the proof-of-concept that easily fabricated disordered structures, i.e., photonic glasses, can permit simple, even disposable, optical devices based on photonic band engineering.}, } @inproceedings{Froufe-Perez2005, author = {Froufe-P\'{e}rez, L.S. and Albaladejo, S. and Sahag\'{u}n, E. and Garc\'{i}a-Mochales, P. and Reufer, M. and Scheffold, F. and S\'{a}enz, J.J.}, title = {Light Transport through Photonic Liquids}, booktitle = {Noise and Fluctuations: 18$^{th}$ International Conference on Noise and Fluctuations -- ICNF 2005}, volume = {}, series = {}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {}, year = {2005} } @article{Reufer2007, author = "Reufer, Mathias and Rojas-Ochoa, Luis Fernando and Eiden, Stefanie and S\'{a}enz, Juan Jos\'{e} and Scheffold, Frank", title = "Transport of light in amorphous photonic materials", journal = "Applied Physics Letters", year = "2007", volume = "91", number = "17", eid = "171904", pages = "", howpublished = "\url{http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/91/17/10.1063/1.2800372}, doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2800372" } @article{Garcia2008, title = {Resonant light transport through {Mie} modes in photonic glasses}, author = {Garc\'{i}a, P. D. and Sapienza, R. and Bertolotti, J. and Mart\'{i}n, M. D. and Blanco, \'{A} and Altube, A. and Vi\~na, L. and Wiersma, D. S. and L\'{o}pez, C.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, volume = {78}, issue = {2}, pages = {023823}, numpages = {11}, year = {2008}, month = {Aug}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.78.023823}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.023823}" } @article{Ueno2010, author = {Ueno, Kazuhide and Sano, Yuta and Inaba, Aya and Kondoh, Masashi and Watanabe, Masayoshi}, title = {Soft Glassy Colloidal Arrays in an Ionic Liquid: Colloidal Glass Transition, Ionic Transport, and Structural Color in Relation to Microstructure}, journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry B}, volume = {114}, number = {41}, pages = {13095-13103}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1021/jp106872w}, note ={PMID: 20879726}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp106872w}", eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp106872w} } @Article{Dengteng2014, author ="Ge, Dengteng and Yang, Lili and Wu, Gaoxiang and Yang, Shu", title ="Spray coating of superhydrophobic and angle-independent coloured films", journal ="Chem. Commun.", year ="2014", volume ="50", issue ="19", pages ="2469-2472", publisher ="The Royal Society of Chemistry", doi ="10.1039/C3CC48962K", url ="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3CC48962K", abstract ="Angle-independent coloured films with superhydrophobicity were fabricated from quasi-amorphous arrays of monodispersed fluorinated silica nanoparticles via one-step spray coating. The film exhibited a high contact angle (>150[degree]) and a low roll-off angle ([similar]2[degree]) and the colour could be tuned to blue{,} green and moccasin by varying the size of the nanoparticles."} @article{Takeoka2013, author = {Takeoka, Yukikazu and Yoshioka, Shinya and Takano, Atsushi and Arai, Shigeo and Nueangnoraj, Khanin and Nishihara, Hirotomo and Teshima, Midori and Ohtsuka, Yumiko and Seki, Takahiro}, title = {Production of Colored Pigments with Amorphous Arrays of Black and White Colloidal Particles}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {52}, number = {28}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-3773}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201301321}", doi = {10.1002/anie.201301321}, pages = {7261--7265}, keywords = {amorphous materials, angle independence, colloids, dyes/pigments, spray method}, year = {2013}, } @misc{sRGB, author = {Stokes (Hewlett-Packard), Michael and Anderson (Microsoft), Matthew and Chandrasekar (Microsoft), Srinivasan and Motta (Hewlett-Packard), Ricardo}, title = {A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet -- s{RGB}}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB.html}", year = {1996}, } @misc{sRGB--corrected, author = {International Color Consortium}, title = {s{RGB}}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.color.org/chardata/rgb/srgb.xalter}", year = {}, } @misc{RAL, author = {}, title = {{RAL}}, url = {http://www.ral-farben.de/}, year = {2014}, } @misc{PANTONE, author = {Pantone}, title = {{PANTONE}\textregistered Colours}, url = {http://www.pantone-colours.com/}, year = {2014}, } @article{McNamara2011, author = {McNamara, Maria E. and Briggs, Derek E. G. and Orr, Patrick J. and Wedmann, Sonja and Noh, Heeso and Cao, Hui}, title = {Fossilized Biophotonic Nanostructures Reveal the Original Colors of 47-Million-Year-Old Moths}, journal = {PLoS Biol}, volume = {9}, number = {11}, pages = {}, year = {2011}, doi = {doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001200}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001200}", eprint = {} } @article{Debord2000, author = {Debord, Justin D. and Lyon, L. Andrew}, title = {Thermoresponsive Photonic Crystals}, journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry B}, volume = {104}, number = {27}, pages = {6327--6331}, year = {2000}, doi = {10.1021/jp001238c}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp001238c}", eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp001238c} } @article{Kang2008, author = {Kang, Ji-Hwan and Moon, Jun Hyuk and Lee, Seung-Kon and Park, Sung-Gyu and Jang, Se Gyu and Yang, Shu and Yang, Seung-Man}, title = {Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Photonic Crystals by Three-Dimensional Holographic Lithography}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {20}, number = {16}, pages = {3061--3065}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1002/adma.200800141}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200800141}", eprint = {}, keywords = {photonic crystals, hydrogels, lithography, stimuli-responsive materials}, } @article{Kolle2013, author = {Kolle, Mathias and Lethbridge, Alfred and Kreysing, Moritz and Baumberg, Jeremy J. and Aizenberg, Joanna and Vukusic, Peter}, title = {Bio-Inspired Band-Gap Tunable Elastic Optical Multilayer Fibers}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {25}, number = {15}, publisher = {WILEY-VCH}, issn = {1521-4095}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203529}", doi = {10.1002/adma.201203529}, pages = {2239--2245}, keywords = {biophotonics, biooptics, photonic fibers, cylindrical Bragg fibers, bandgap-tuning}, year = {2013}, } @article{Park2014inprep, author = {Park, Jin-Gyu and Rogers, W. Benjamin and Magkiriadou, Sofia and Kodger, Tom and Kim, Shin-Hyun and Kim, Young-Seok and Manoharan, Vinothan N.}, title = {Photonic-Crystal Hydrogels with a Rapidly Tunable Stop Band and High Reflectivity across the Visible}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie}, year = {submitted}, } @book{visionandart, author = {Livingstone, Margaret}, title = {Vision and art: the biology of seeing}, publisher = {Harry N. Abrams}, year = {2002}, } @article{Wright1929, author={Wright, W.D.}, title={A re-determination of the trichromatic coefficients of the spectral colours}, journal={Transactions of the Optical Society}, volume={30}, number={4}, pages={141}, url={http://stacks.iop.org/1475-4878/30/i=4/a=301}, year={1929}, abstract={Using a new trichromatic colorimeter a series of colour matches through the spectrum has been made by ten observers. The results have been averaged and a mean set of trichromatic coefficients for the spectral colours derived. These results are compared with previous determinations made by König and Abney. The variations in the coefficients that have been found amongst the ten observers must, as a consequence of a new method of basing the trichromatic units, be attributed to variations in the process of reception, but their magnitude appears to be of a small order. On the other hand, there are big differences in the amount of the macular pigment in different eyes and probably some variation in its dominant hue. These variations have been investigated by matches on a standard white, results for 36 observers being given in the paper and a mean value determined. This value, combined with the mean spectral coefficients, has been used to compute an average locus for the spectral colours in the colour triangle, with white at the centre. Other points discussed in the paper include the technique of colour matching, the range of intensity over which matches remained valid, and variations of luminosity.} } @article{Wright1930, author={Wright, W.D.}, title={A re-determination of the mixture curves of the spectrum}, journal={Transactions of the Optical Society}, volume={31}, number={4}, pages={201}, url={http://stacks.iop.org/1475-4878/31/i=4/a=303}, year={1930}, abstract={The paper describes a method that has been developed for calculating the sensation curves and mixtures curves from an average set of trichromatic coefficients and the standard luminosity curve, without recourse to any further experimental data. A complete table of colour mixture data is given. The practical value of different methods of colorimetry and the most desirable primaries for use as reference standards are briefly discussed.} } @article{Smith1931, author={Smith, T. and Guild, J.}, title={The {C.I.E.} colorimetric standards and their use}, journal={Transactions of the Optical Society}, volume={33}, number={3}, pages={73}, url={http://stacks.iop.org/1475-4878/33/i=3/a=301}, year={1931}, abstract={The new international standards, which define a standard observer, three standard illuminants, standard conditions of illuminating and viewing opaque specimens, a standard for evaluating the brightness factor of opaque specimens, and a standard trichromatic system for the expression of colour measurements, are stated and their origin explained. In addition to the numerical tables which are appended to the resolutions setting up these standards, there are given a table specifying the trichromatic coordinates for the standard observer of all spectral colours at wave-length intervals of 1 mμ, tables to facilitate the calculation of the standard coordinates and the brightness factor of a material illuminated by any one of the three standard illuminants from spectrophotometric measurements on the material, and a table giving the coordinates of some stimuli of special importance on the N.P.L. system, the standard system, and another system which occurs in the resolutions. Some new colorimetric terms are proposed, partly to avoid misinterpretation and partly to meet new needs. The theory of colour transformations, and points which arise in the application of the system and in the calibration of instruments, are discussed.} } @misc{CIE, author = {}, title = {{Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage}}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.cie.co.at/} (accessed October 28 2014)", year = {2000--2014}, } @misc{colorpy, author = {Kness, Mark}, title = {{ColorPy} - {A Python} package for handling physical descriptions of color and light spectra.}, howpublished = "\url{http://markkness.net/colorpy/ColorPy.html} (accessed October 28 2014)", year = {2008}, } @article{Phillips2014, author = {Phillips, Katherine R. and Vogel, Nicolas and Hu, Yuhang and Kolle, Mathias and Perry, Carole C. and Aizenberg, Joanna}, title = {Tunable Anisotropy in Inverse Opals and Emerging Optical Properties}, journal = {Chemistry of Materials}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {1622-1628}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1021/cm403812y}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm403812y}", eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm403812y} } @article{Lu2004, author = {Lu, Yu and McLellan, Joe and Xia, Younan}, title = {Synthesis and Crystallization of Hybrid Spherical Colloids Composed of Polystyrene Cores and Silica Shells}, journal = {Langmuir}, volume = {20}, number = {8}, pages = {3464-3470}, year = {2004}, doi = {10.1021/la036245h}, note ={PMID: 15875883}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la036245h}", eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la036245h} } @article{Small2005, author = {Small, Alex and Hong, Sheng and Pine, David}, title = {Scattering properties of core-shell particles in plastic matrices}, journal = {Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics}, volume = {43}, number = {24}, publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company}, issn = {1099-0488}, howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.20624}", doi = {10.1002/polb.20624}, pages = {3534--3548}, keywords = {blends, core–shell polymers, light scattering, optics, transparency}, year = {2005}, } @article{Manoharan2003, author = {Manoharan, Vinothan N. and Elsesser, Mark T. and Pine, David J.}, title = {Dense Packing and Symmetry in Small Clusters of Microspheres}, volume = {301}, number = {5632}, pages = {483-487}, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1126/science.1086189}, abstract ={When small numbers of colloidal microspheres are attached to the surfaces of liquid emulsion droplets, removing fluid from the droplets leads to packings of spheres that minimize the second moment of the mass distribution. The structures of the packings range from sphere doublets, triangles, and tetrahedra to exotic polyhedra not found in infinite lattice packings, molecules, or minimum–potential energy clusters. The emulsion system presents a route to produce newcolloidal structures and a means to study howdifferent physical constraints affect symmetry in small parcels of matter.}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5632/483.abstract}", eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5632/483.full.pdf}, journal = {Science} } @article{Sacanna2011, title = "Shape-anisotropic colloids: Building blocks for complex assemblies ", journal = "Current Opinion in Colloid \& Interface Science ", volume = "16", number = "2", pages = "96--105", year = "2011", note = "", issn = "1359-0294", doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2011.01.003", howpublished = "\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359029411000069}", author = "Stefano Sacanna and David J. Pine", keywords = "Colloids", keywords = "Shape anisotropy", keywords = "Self-assembly", keywords = "Synthesis", keywords = "Strategy ", abstract = "Recent breakthroughs in colloidal synthesis allow the control of particle shapes and properties with high precision. This provides us with a constantly expanding library of new anisotropic building blocks, thus opening new avenues to explore colloidal self-assembly at a higher level of complexity. This article reviews the most recent advances in the preparation and self-assembly of colloids with well-defined anisotropic shapes. A particular emphasis is given to solution-based syntheses that provide micron-sized colloids in high yields, and to assembly schemes that exploit the shape anisotropy of the building blocks involved. " } @article{Schade2013, title = {Tetrahedral Colloidal Clusters from Random Parking of Bidisperse Spheres}, author = {Schade, Nicholas B. and Holmes-Cerfon, Miranda C. and Chen, Elizabeth R. and Aronzon, Dina and Collins, Jesse W. and Fan, Jonathan A. and Capasso, Federico and Manoharan, Vinothan N.}, journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, volume = {110}, issue = {14}, pages = {148303}, numpages = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {Apr}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.148303}, howpublished = "\url{http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.148303}" } @misc{photonicchocolate, author = {Stokes (Hewlett-Packard), Michael and Anderson (Microsoft), Matthew and Chandrasekar (Microsoft), Srinivasan and Motta (Hewlett-Packard), Ricardo }, title = {A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB.html}", year = {1996}, } @book{Hammouda, author = {Hammouda, Boualem}, title = {Probing Nanoscale Structures -- The {SANS} Toolbox}, publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, year = {2010}, howpublished = "\url{http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/staff/hammouda/the_sans_toolbox.pdf}" }