Few studies have directly measured sulfate reduction at hydrothermal vents, and relatively little is known about how environmental or ecological factors influence rates of sulfate reduction in vent environments. A better ...

Oxidation–reduction reactions underlie energy generation in nearly all life forms. Although most organisms use soluble oxidants and reductants, some microbes can access solid-phase materials as electron-acceptors or -donors ...

Red, orange, and yellow carotenoid-colored plumages have been considered honest signals of condition. We comprehensively quantified carotenoid signals in the social, sexually-dimorphic tanager genus Ramphocelus using ...

Advanced bioproduct synthesis via reductive metabolism requires coordinating carbons, ATP, and reducing agents, which are generated with varying efficiencies depending on metabolic pathways. Substrate mixtures with direct ...