Browsing by Keyword "public health and epidemiology"

Now showing items 1-20 of 83

    • Absolute Humidity and the Seasonal Onset of Influenza in the Continental United States 

      Shaman, Jeffrey; Pitzer, Virginia E.; Viboud, Cécile; Grenfell, Bryan T.; Lipsitch, Marc (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Much of the observed wintertime increase of mortality in temperate regions is attributed to seasonal influenza. A recent reanalysis of laboratory experiments indicates that absolute humidity strongly modulates the airborne ...

    • The Acid Test of Fluoride: How pH Modulates Toxicity 

      Sharma, Ramaswamy Narayanaswamy; Tsuchiya, Masahiro; Skobe, Ziedonis; Tannous, Bakhos A.; Bartlett, John D. (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: It is not known why the ameloblasts responsible for dental enamel formation are uniquely sensitive to fluoride (\(F^−\)). Herein, we present a novel theory with supporting data to show that the low pH environment ...

    • Admixture Mapping Scans Identify a Locus Affecting Retinal Vascular Caliber in Hypertensive African Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study 

      Cheng, Ching-Yu; Wong, Tien Y.; Klein, Ronald; Klein, Barbara E. K.; Patterson, Nick; Li, Man; Boerwinkle, Eric; Sharrett, A. Richey; Reich, David Emil; Tandon, Arti; Kao, W. H. Linda (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Retinal vascular caliber provides information about the structure and health of the microvascular system and is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Compared to European Americans, African Americans ...

    • Aging and Environmental Exposures Alter Tissue-Specific DNA Methylation Dependent upon CpG Island Context 

      Christensen, Brock C.; Marsit, Carmen J.; Zheng, Shichun; Wrensch, Margaret R.; Wiemels, Joseph L.; Nelson, Heather H.; Karagas, Margaret R.; Padbury, James F.; Yeh, Ru-Fang; Wiencke, John K.; Kelsey, Karl T.; Houseman, Eugene Andres; Bueno, Raphael; Sugarbaker, David John (Public Library of Science, 2009)
      Epigenetic control of gene transcription is critical for normal human development and cellular differentiation. While alterations of epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation have been linked to cancers and many other human ...

    • Alternative Strategies to Reduce Maternal Mortality in India: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 

      Goldie, Sue J.; Sweet, Steven Goldie; Carvalho, Natalie Ida; Natchu, Uma Chandra Mouli; Hu, Delphine (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: Approximately one-quarter of all pregnancy- and delivery-related maternal deaths worldwide occur in India. Taking into account the costs, feasibility, and operational complexity of alternative interventions, ...

    • Anemia of Inflammation Is Related to Cognitive Impairment among Children in Leyte, The Philippines 

      Olson, Courtney L.; Acosta, Luz P.; Hochberg, Natasha S.; Olveda, Remigio M.; Jiz, Mario; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Kurtis, Jonathan D.; Bellinger, David C.; Friedman, Jennifer (Public Library of Science, 2009)
      Background: Many studies have addressed the relationship between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and cognitive impairment, but none have evaluated the role of non-iron deficiency anemia (NIDA). One of the main causes of NIDA ...

    • Antiviral Resistance and the Control of Pandemic Influenza 

      Lipsitch, Marc; Cohen, Ted; Murray, Megan Blanche; Levin, Bruce R (Public Library of Science, 2007)
      Background: The response to the next influenza pandemic will likely include extensive use of antiviral drugs (mainly oseltamivir), combined with other transmission-reducing measures. Animal and in vitro studies suggest ...

    • Are Survey-based Estimates of the Burden of Drug Resistant TB Too Low? Insight from a Simulation Study 

      Cohen, Ted; Colijn, Caroline; Finklea, Bryson; Wright, Abigail; Zignol, Matteo; Pym, Alexander; Kretzschmar, Mirjam; Murray, Megan Blanche (Public Library of Science, 2008)
      Background: The emergence of tuberculosis resistant to multiple first- and second-line antibiotics poses challenges to a global control strategy that relies on standard drug treatment regimens. Highly drug-resistant strains ...

    • The Association of a SNP Upstream of INSIG2 with Body Mass Index is Reproduced in Several but Not All Cohorts 

      Emilsson, Valur; Hinney, Anke; Heid, Iris M; Zhu, Xiaofeng; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Gunnarsdottir, Steinunn; Walters, G. Bragi; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Kong, Augustine; Gulcher, Jeffrey; Nguyen, Thuy Trang; Scherag, André; Pfeufer, Arne; Meitinger, Thomas; Brönner, Günter; Rief, Winfried; Soto-Quiros, Manuel E; Avila, Lydiana; Groop, Leif; Tuomi, Tiinamaija; Isomaa, Bo; Bengtsson, Kristina; Butler, Johannah L; Vollmert, Caren; Celedón, Juan C; Wichmann, H. Erich; Hebebrand, Johannes; Stefansson, Kari; Abecasis, Gonçalo; Lyon, Helen N; Su, Jessica Ann Lasky; Klanderman, Barbara Jordan; Raby, Benjamin Alexander; Silverman, Edwin Kepner; Weiss, Scott Tillman; Laird, Nan M.; Ding, Xiao; Cooper, Richard S; Fox, Caroline; O'Donnell, Christopher Joseph; Lange, Christoph; Hirschhorn, Joel Naom (Public Library of Science, 2007)
      A SNP upstream of the INSIG2 gene, rs7566605, was recently found to be associated with obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) by Herbert and colleagues. The association between increased BMI and homozygosity for the ...

    • Association of Secondhand Smoke Exposure with Pediatric Invasive Bacterial Disease and Bacterial Carriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 

      Lee, Chien-Chang; Middaugh, Nicole Anna; Howie, Stephen R. C.; Ezzati, Majid (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: A number of epidemiologic studies have observed an association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and pediatric invasive bacterial disease (IBD) but the evidence has not been systematically reviewed. We ...

    • Automated Identification of Acute Hepatitis B Using Electronic Medical Record Data to Facilitate Public Health Surveillance 

      Haney, Gillian; Church, Daniel; Hou, Xuanlin; Ramsay, Mary; Klompas, Michael; Lazarus, Ross; Platt, Richard (Public Library of Science, 2008)
      Background: Automatic identification of notifiable diseases from electronic medical records can potentially improve the timeliness and completeness of public health surveillance. We describe the development and implementation ...

    • Breaking the News or Fueling the Epidemic? Temporal Association between News Media Report Volume and Opioid-Related Mortality 

      Dasgupta, Nabarun; Mandl, Kenneth David; Brownstein, John Samuel (Public Library of Science, 2009)
      Background: Historical studies of news media have suggested an association between reporting and increased drug abuse. Period effects for substance use have been documented for different classes of legal and illicit ...

    • Breast Cancer DNA Methylation Profiles Are Associated with Tumor Size and Alcohol and Folate Intake 

      Christensen, Brock C.; Kelsey, Karl T.; Zheng, Shichun; Marsit, Carmen J.; Wrensch, Margaret R.; Wiemels, Joseph L.; Nelson, Heather H.; Karagas, Margaret R.; Kushi, Lawrence H.; Kwan, Marilyn L.; Wiencke, John K.; Horwitz, Marshall S.; Houseman, Eugene Andres (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Although tumor size and lymph node involvement are the current cornerstones of breast cancer prognosis, they have not been extensively explored in relation to tumor methylation attributes in conjunction with other tumor ...

    • Challenges for Routine Health System Data Management in a Large Public Programme to Prevent Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in South Africa 

      Mate, Kedar Shrikrishna; Bennett, Brandon; Mphatswe, Wendy; Barker, Pierre; Rollins, Nigel (Public Library of Science, 2009)
      Background: Recent changes to South Africa's prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) guidelines have raised hope that the national goal of reducing perinatal HIV transmission rates to less than 5% can be ...

    • Characteristics of HIV-1 Discordant Couples Enrolled in a Trial of HSV-2 Suppression to Reduce HIV-1 Transmission: The Partners Study 

      Lingappa, Jairam R.; Kahle, Erin; Mugo, Nelly; Mujugira, Andrew; Magaret, Amalia; Baeten, Jared; Bukusi, Elizabeth A.; Cohen, Craig R.; Katabira, Elly; Ronald, Allan; Kiarie, James; Farquhar, Carey; Stewart, Grace John; Were, Edwin; Fife, Kenneth; deBruyn, Guy; Gray, Glenda; Manongi, Rachel; Coetzee, David; Allen, Susan; Inambao, Mubiana; Kayitenkore, Kayitesi; Karita, Etienne; Kanweka, William; Delany, Sinead; Rees, Helen; Vwalika, Bellington; Coombs, Robert W.; Morrow, Rhoda; Whittington, William; Corey, Lawrence; Wald, Anna; Celum, Connie; Emery, Sean; Makhema, Joseph Moeketsi; Essex, Myron Elmer; McIntyre, James Francis; Kapiga, Saidi Hussein (Public Library of Science, 2009)
      Background: The Partners HSV-2/HIV-1 Transmission Study (Partners Study) is a phase III, placebo-controlled trial of daily acyclovir for genital herpes (HSV-2) suppression among HIV-1/HSV-2 co-infected persons to reduce ...

    • Circulating Progenitor Cell Count for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: A Pooled Analysis 

      Fadini, Gian Paolo; Maruyama, Shoichi; Ozaki, Takenori; Taguchi, Akihiko; Dimmeler, Stefanie; Zeiher, Andreas M.; de Kreutzenberg, Saula; Avogaro, Angelo; Nickenig, Georg; Schmidt-Lucke, Caroline; Werner, Nikos; Meigs, James Benjamin (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: Circulating progenitor cells (CPC) contribute to the homeostasis of the vessel wall, and a reduced CPC count predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We tested the hypothesis that CPC count improves ...

    • Clinical Benefits, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Neonatal Intensive Care in Mexico 

      Profit, Jochen; Lee, Diana; Zupancic, John A F; Papile, LuAnn; Gutierrez, Cristina; Goldie, Sue J.; Gonzalez-Pier, Eduardo; Salomon, Joshua A. (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: Neonatal intensive care improves survival, but is associated with high costs and disability amongst survivors. Recent health reform in Mexico launched a new subsidized insurance program, necessitating informed ...

    • Conceptualizing Integration: A Framework for Analysis Applied to Neglected Tropical Disease Control Partnerships 

      Grépin, Karen A.; Reich, Michael Robin (Public Library of Science, 2008)

    • The Cost-Effectiveness of Directly Observed Highly-Active Antiretroviral Therapy in the Third Trimester in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women 

      McCabe, Caitlin J.; Goldie, Sue J.; Fisman, David N.; Loutfy, Mona Rafik (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: In HIV-infected pregnant women, viral suppression prevents mother-to-child HIV transmission. Directly observed highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) enhances virological suppression, and could prevent ...

    • Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Testing Referral Strategies among Tuberculosis Patients in India 

      Uhler, Lauren M.; Kumarasamy, Nagalingeswaran; Saxena, Anjali; Muniyandi, Malaisamy; Stoler, Adam W.; Lu, Zhigang; Flanigan, Timothy P.; Bender, Melissa A.; Swaminathan, Soumya; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Losina, Elena; Walensky, Rochelle P.; Freedberg, Kenneth Alan; Swaminathan, Soumya (Public Library of Science, 2010)
      Background: Indian guidelines recommend routine referral for HIV testing of all tuberculosis (TB) patients in the nine states with the highest HIV prevalence, and selective referral for testing elsewhere. We assessed the ...