The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, Env, facilitates the translocation of the viral capsid across the cellular membrane. Env is a trimer of hetero-dimers composed of a gp120 subunit and gp41 transmembrane protein. The gp120 subunit binds the primary receptor, CD4, leading to conformational changes of Env that then promote binding to the coreceptor, principally CCR5 or CXCR4. As the sole protein on the surface of the virion, Env is under continuous pressure from the host's antibody response. Two classes of antibodies target the highly conserved receptor-binding sites of gp120: CD4-binding site (CD4bs) and CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies.
