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Muhaj, Daniela

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Muhaj, Daniela

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    The Quest for Increased Saudization: Labor Market Outcomes and the Shadow Price of Workforce Nationalization Policies
    (Center for International Development at Harvard University, 2021-07) Lopesciolo, Michael; Muhaj, Daniela; Pan, Carolina
    Few countries have embraced active labor market policies to the same extent as Saudi Arabia. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, the imperative of increasing Saudi employment became paramount. The country faced one of the highest youth unemployment rates in the world while over 80 percent of its private sector consisted of foreign labor. Since 2011, a wave of employment nationalization efforts has been mainly implemented through a comprehensive and strictly enforced industry and firm specific quota system known as Nitaqat. This paper assesses the employment gains as well as the costs and unintended consequences resulting from Nitaqat and related policies between 2011 and 2017. We find that while job nationalization policies generated significant initial gains in Saudi employment and labor force participation, the effects were heterogeneous across workers, firms and sectors. Moreover, our analysis suggests that the resulting unintended consequences far outweighed the benefits over time generating a less cost-effective and productivity inhibiting labor market composition.
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    Emerging Cities as Independent Engines of Growth: The Case of Buenos Aires
    (Center for International Development at Harvard University, 2020-10) Hausmann, Ricardo; Barrios, Douglas; Muhaj, Daniela; Noor, Sehar; Pan, Carolina; Santos, Miguel Angel; Tapia Rodriguez, Jorge Andres; Zuccolo, Bruno
    What does it take for a sub-national unit to become an autonomous engine of growth? This issue is particularly relevant to large cities, as they tend to display larger and more complex know-how agglomerations and may have access to a broader set of policy tools. To approximate an answer to this question, specific to the case of Buenos Aires, Harvard’s Growth Lab engaged in a research project from December 2018 to June 2019, collaborating with the Center for Evidence-based Evaluation of Policies (CEPE) of Universidad Torcuato di Tella, and the Development Unit of the Secretary of Finance of the City of Buenos Aires. Together, we have developed a research agenda that seeks to provide inputs for a policy plan aimed at decoupling Buenos Aires’s growth trajectory from the rest of Argentina’s.
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    The Role of the Diaspora in the Internationalization of the Colombian Economy
    (Center for International Development at Harvard University, 2021-05) Nedelkoska, Ljubica; Assumpcao, Andre; Grisanti, Ana; Hartog, Matte; Hinz, Julian Jakob; Lu, Jessie; Muhaj, Daniela; Protzer, Eric; Saxenian, Annalee; Hausmann, Ricardo
    We studied the geography as well as the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of 1.7 million members of the global Colombian diaspora (34% of the total estimated Colombian diaspora) using census and survey data from major host countries, and 3.5 million Twitter users located around the world presumed to be of Colombian origin. We also studied the locations and industries of Colombian senior managers and directors outside Colombia, using a global database of over 400 million companies. Moreover, we studied the migration journeys, the diaspora’s attachment to Colombia, the level of diaspora engagement and interest in engaging, the intentions to return back home, the interest in diaspora government policy, and the overall sentiment of the diaspora towards Colombia, through a survey which received 11,500 responses from the diaspora in well over 100 countries in less than two months. We additionally interviewed 12 Colombian transnational entrepreneurs and professionals, to understand what attracts them professionally to Colombia, and what may stand in the way of more diaspora engagement and professional growth.