The Historical Development of Animal Toxicity Testing

Abstract

This paper traces the historical development of animal toxicity testing, from its ancient origins through the period of standardization following World War II. It explores the roots of toxicity testing in physiology and experimental medicine, drug development, and the detection and identification of poisons. The discussion then turns to the shift in focus from acute to chronic toxicity which occurred around the turn of the century. The controversy over the potential toxicity of preservatives and pesticide residues illustrates the evolution of toxicity testing in the early to middle part of the twentieth century, as well as the influence of political and economic factors on its development. The paper concludes with the emergence of standardized protocols for toxicity testing during and immediately following the Second World war.