Alcohol intake and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism modify the relation of folate intake to plasma homocysteine

Abstract

Background: Folate intake increases plasma folate and reduces total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations, which may lower coronary artery disease (CAD) and cancer risks. Folate metabolism may be altered by alcohol intake and 2 common polymorphisms in the methylenctetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, 677C -> T and 1298A -> C. Objective: We examined whether the associations between folate intake and plasma folate and tHcy concentrations were modified by alcohol intake or variations in the MTHFR gene. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 988 women by using multivariate linear regression models to estimate mean plasma tHey and folate concentrations. Folate intake was the sum of food and supplemental sources. Results: We observed an inverse association between folate intake and tHcy, which was modified by alcohol intake (P for interaction = 0.04) and MTHFR677 genotype (P for interaction = 0.05) but not by MTHFR]298 genotype (P for interaction = 0.97). In the lowest quintile of folate intake, moderate drinkers ( >= 15 g alcohol/d) had significantly higher tHcy concentrations (15.2 +/- 2.9 nmol/mQ than did light drinkers (11.3 +/- 0.7 nmol/mL) and nondrinkers (11.0 +/- 0.8 nmol/mQ. However, the reduction in tHey between the highest and lowest quintiles of folate intake was significantly greater in moderate drinkers (-6.6 nmol/mL) than in light drinkers (-2.3 nmol/mQ and nondrinkers (-2.1 nmol/mL). The elevated tHcy in women with low folate intake who also consumed moderate amounts of alcohol was even higher (22.4 +/- 4.8 nmol/mL) in the presence of the variant MTHFR677 allele. The positive association between folate intake and plasma folate was somewhat modified by alcohol intake (P for interaction = 0.08) but not by either MTHFR genotype. Conclusions: Moderate alcohol intake and low MTHFR activity have adverse effects on tHcy, but those effects may be overcome by sufficient folate intake.