# Measurements of the Fracture Energy of Lithiated Silicon Electrodes of Li-Ion Batteries

 Title: Measurements of the Fracture Energy of Lithiated Silicon Electrodes of Li-Ion Batteries Author: Pharr, Matt Mathews; Suo, Zhigang; Vlassak, Joost J. Note: Order does not necessarily reflect citation order of authors. Citation: Pharr, Matt, Zhigang Suo, and Joost J. Vlassak. 2013. Measurements of the Fracture Energy of Lithiated Silicon Electrodes of Li-Ion Batteries.” Nano Lett. 13 (11): 5570–5577. Access Status: Full text of the requested work is not available in DASH at this time (“dark deposit”). For more information on dark deposits, see our FAQ. Full Text & Related Files: Pharr_MeasurementsFracture.pdf (4.015Mb; PDF) Abstract: We have measured the fracture energy of lithiated silicon thin-film electrodes as a function of lithium concentration. To this end, we have constructed an electrochemical cell capable of testing multiple thin-film electrodes in parallel. The stress in the electrodes is measured during electrochemical cycling by the substrate curvature technique. The electrodes are disconnected one by one after delithiating to various states of charge, that is, to various concentrations of lithium. The electrodes are then examined by optical microscopy to determine when cracks first form. All of the observed cracks appear brittle in nature. By determining the condition for crack initiation, the fracture energy is calculated using an analysis from fracture mechanics. In the same set of experiments, the fracture energy at a second state of charge (at small concentrations of lithium) is measured by determining the maximum value of the stress during delithiation. The fracture energy was determined to be $$\Gamma = 8.5 ± 4.3$$ $$J/m^2$$ at small concentrations of lithium (∼Li_{0.7}Si) and have bounds of $$\Gamma = 5.4 ± 2.2$$ $$J/m^2$$ to $$\Gamma = 6.9 ± 1.9$$ $$J/m^2$$ at larger concentrations of lithium (∼Li_{2.8}Si). These values indicate that the fracture energy of lithiated silicon is similar to that of pure silicon and is essentially independent of the conncentration of lithium. Thus, lithiated silicon demonstrates a unique ability to flow plastically and fracture in a brittle manner. Published Version: doi:dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl403197m Citable link to this page: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14004552 Downloads of this work: