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dc.contributor.authorLabonne, Jonathan D. J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGraves, Tyler D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorShen, Yipingen_US
dc.contributor.authorJones, Julie R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKong, Il-Keunen_US
dc.contributor.authorLayman, Lawrence C.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKim, Hyung-Gooen_US
dc.date.accessioned2016-10-11T20:25:52Z
dc.date.issued2016en_US
dc.identifier.citationLabonne, Jonathan D. J., Tyler D. Graves, Yiping Shen, Julie R. Jones, Il-Keun Kong, Lawrence C. Layman, and Hyung-Goo Kim. 2016. “A microdeletion at Xq22.2 implicates a glycine receptor GLRA4 involved in intellectual disability, behavioral problems and craniofacial anomalies.” BMC Neurology 16 (1): 132. doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0642-z. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12883-016-0642-z.en
dc.identifier.issn1471-2377en
dc.identifier.urihttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29002418
dc.description.abstractBackground: Among the 21 annotated genes at Xq22.2, PLP1 is the only known gene involved in Xq22.2 microdeletion and microduplication syndromes with intellectual disability. Using an atypical microdeletion, which does not encompass PLP1, we implicate a novel gene GLRA4 involved in intellectual disability, behavioral problems and craniofacial anomalies. Case presentation: We report a female patient (DGDP084) with a de novo Xq22.2 microdeletion of at least 110 kb presenting with intellectual disability, motor delay, behavioral problems and craniofacial anomalies. While her phenotypic features such as cognitive impairment and motor delay show overlap with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) caused by PLP1 mutations at Xq22.2, this gene is not included in our patient’s microdeletion and is not dysregulated by a position effect. Because the microdeletion encompasses only three genes, GLRA4, MORF4L2 and TCEAL1, we investigated their expression levels in various tissues by RT-qPCR and found that all three genes were highly expressed in whole human brain, fetal brain, cerebellum and hippocampus. When we examined the transcript levels of GLRA4, MORF4L2 as well as TCEAL1 in DGDP084′s family, however, only GLRA4 transcripts were reduced in the female patient compared to her healthy mother. This suggests that GLRA4 is the plausible candidate gene for cognitive impairment, behavioral problems and craniofacial anomalies observed in DGDP084. Importantly, glycine receptors mediate inhibitory synaptic transmission in the brain stem as well as the spinal cord, and are known to be involved in syndromic intellectual disability. Conclusion: We hypothesize that GLRA4 is involved in intellectual disability, behavioral problems and craniofacial anomalies as the second gene identified for X-linked syndromic intellectual disability at Xq22.2. Additional point mutations or intragenic deletions of GLRA4 as well as functional studies are needed to further validate our hypothesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0642-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.en
dc.language.isoen_USen
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen
dc.relation.isversionofdoi:10.1186/s12883-016-0642-zen
dc.relation.hasversionhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4979147/pdf/en
dash.licenseLAAen_US
dc.subjecten
dc.subjectXq22.2en
dc.subjectPseudogeneen
dc.subjectIntellectual disabilityen
dc.subjectBehavioral problemsen
dc.subjectCraniofacial anomaliesen
dc.subjectMicrodeletionen
dc.titleA microdeletion at Xq22.2 implicates a glycine receptor GLRA4 involved in intellectual disability, behavioral problems and craniofacial anomaliesen
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
dc.description.versionVersion of Recorden
dc.relation.journalBMC Neurologyen
dash.depositing.authorShen, Yipingen_US
dc.date.available2016-10-11T20:25:52Z
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s12883-016-0642-z*
dash.contributor.affiliatedShen, Yiping


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