Gamma-interferon-inducible, lysosome/endosome-localized thiolreductase, GILT, has anti-retroviral activity and its expression is counteracted by HIV-1

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Kubo, Yoshinao
Izumida, Mai
Yashima, Yuka
Yoshii-Kamiyama, Haruka
Tanaka, Yuetsu
Yasui, Kiyoshi
Hayashi, Hideki
Matsuyama, Toshifumi
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https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.12104Metadata
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Kubo, Yoshinao, Mai Izumida, Yuka Yashima, Haruka Yoshii-Kamiyama, Yuetsu Tanaka, Kiyoshi Yasui, Hideki Hayashi, and Toshifumi Matsuyama. 2016. “Gamma-interferon-inducible, lysosome/endosome-localized thiolreductase, GILT, has anti-retroviral activity and its expression is counteracted by HIV-1.” Oncotarget 7 (44): 71255-71273. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.12104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.12104.Abstract
The mechanism by which type II interferon (IFN) inhibits virus replications remains to be identified. Murine leukemia virus (MLV) replication was significantly restricted by γ-IFN, but not human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. Because MLV enters host cells via endosomes, we speculated that certain cellular factors among γ-IFN-induced, endosome-localized proteins inhibit MLV replication. We found that γ-IFN-inducible lysosomal thiolreductase (GILT) significantly restricts HIV-1 replication as well as MLV replication by its thiolreductase activity. GILT silencing enhanced replication-defective HIV-1 vector infection and virion production in γ-IFN-treated cells, although γ-IFN did not inhibit HIV-1 replication. This result showed that GILT is required for the anti-viral activity of γ-IFN. Interestingly, GILT protein level was increased by γ-IFN in uninfected cells and env-deleted HIV-1-infected cells, but not in full-length HIV-1-infected cells. γ-IFN-induced transcription from the γ-IFN-activation sequence was attenuated by the HIV-1 Env protein. These results suggested that the γ-IFN cannot restrict HIV-1 replication due to the inhibition of γ-IFN signaling by HIV-1 Env. Finally, we found that 4,4′-dithiodipyridine (4-PDS), which inhibits S-S bond formation at acidic pH, significantly suppresses HIV-1 vector infection and virion production, like GILT. In conclusion, this study showed that GILT functions as a host restriction factor against the retroviruses, and a GILT mimic, 4-PDS, is the leading compound for the development of novel concept of anti-viral agents.Other Sources
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5342076/pdf/Terms of Use
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