dc.contributor.author | Cohen, Pieter | |
dc.contributor.author | Travis, John C. | |
dc.contributor.author | Keizers, Peter H. J. | |
dc.contributor.author | Deuster, Patricia | |
dc.contributor.author | Venhuis, Bastiaan J. | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2019-07-24T13:20:02Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2017-11-08 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Cohen, Pieter, Travis, John C., Keizers, Peter H. J., Deuster, Patricia, Venhuis, Bastiaan J. 2017. Four experimental stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: 2-amino-6-methylheptane (octodrine), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA). Clinical Toxicology 56 (6): 421-426. | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1556-3650 | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 1556-9519 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40997745 | * |
dc.description.abstract | Background: The United States Food and Drug Administration banned the stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) from dietary supplements and warned consumers that the stimulant can pose cardiovascular risks ranging from high blood pressure to heart attacks.
Objectives: We designed our study to determine if a new stimulant similar in structure to 1,3-DMAA has been introduced as an ingredient in supplements sold in the United States (US).
Methods: We analyzed six brands of supplements that listed an ingredient on the label (e.g., Aconitum kusnezoffii, DMHA or 2-amino-isoheptane) that might refer to an analog of 1,3-DMAA. Supplements were analyzed by two separate laboratories using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and reference standards.
Results: Two previously unidentified 1,3-DMAA analogs (2-amino-6-methylheptane [octodrine] and 1,4-dimethylamylamine [1,4-DMAA]) and two banned stimulants (1,3-DMAA and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine [1,3-DMBA]) were identified. Octodrine was found at a dose (±95% CI) of 72 ± 7.5 mg per serving. In Europe, octodrine was previously sold as a pharmaceutical in multi-ingredient medications at dosages from 8 to 33 mg. The quantity of octodrine found in our study was more than twice the largest pharmaceutical dose. The other new stimulant, 1,4-DMAA, has not previously been approved for human consumption, and its safety in humans is unknown. 1,4-DMAA was found at dosages between 21 ± 11 mg to 94 ± 48 mg per serving. In addition, two banned stimulants – 1,3-DMAA and 1,3-DMBA – were also identified: 24 ± 7.6 mg to 35 ± 11 mg of 1,3-DMAA and 51 ± 16 mg of 1,3-DMBA. In one product, 24 ± 7.6 mg of 1,3-DMAA was combined with 21 ± 11 mg of 1,4-DMAA. 1,3-DMAA has been investigated as potentially contributing to hemorrhagic strokes and sudden death, whereas the safety of 1,3-DMBA in humans is unknown.
Conclusion: Two banned stimulants (1,3-DMAA and 1,3-DMBA) and two previously unidentified stimulants (1,4-DMAA and octodrine) were identified in supplements sold in the United States. | en_US |
dc.language.iso | en_US | en_US |
dc.publisher | Informa UK Limited | en_US |
dash.license | META_ONLY | |
dc.title | Four experimental stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: 2-amino-6-methylheptane (octodrine), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) and 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA) | en_US |
dc.type | Journal Article | en_US |
dc.description.version | Version of Record | en_US |
dc.relation.journal | Clinical Toxicology | en_US |
dash.depositing.author | Cohen, Pieter | |
dc.date.available | 2019-07-24T13:20:02Z | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1080/15563650.2017.1398328 | |
dc.source.journal | Clinical Toxicology | |
dash.source.volume | 56;6 | |
dash.source.page | 421-426 | |
dash.contributor.affiliated | Cohen, Pieter | |