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dc.contributor.authorDegenhardt, Louisa
dc.contributor.authorChiu, Wai-Tat
dc.contributor.authorAnthony, James C
dc.contributor.authorAngermeyer, Matthias
dc.contributor.authorBruffaerts, Ronny
dc.contributor.authorde Girolamo, Giovanni
dc.contributor.authorGureje, Oye
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Yueqin
dc.contributor.authorKaram, Aimee
dc.contributor.authorKostyuchenko, Stanislav
dc.contributor.authorLepine, Jean Pierre
dc.contributor.authorMora, Maria Elena Medina
dc.contributor.authorNeumark, Yehuda
dc.contributor.authorOrmel, J. Hans
dc.contributor.authorPinto-Meza, Alejandra
dc.contributor.authorPosada-Villa, José
dc.contributor.authorTakeshima, Tadashi
dc.contributor.authorSampson, Nancy A.
dc.contributor.authorKessler, Ronald
dc.contributor.authorStein, Dan J.
dc.contributor.authorWells, J. Elizabeth
dc.date.accessioned2011-03-18T14:58:06Z
dc.date.issued2008
dc.identifier.citationDegenhardt, Louisa, Wai-Tat Chiu, Nancy Sampson, Ronald C. Kessler, James C. Anthony, Matthias Angermeyer, Ronny Bruffaerts, et al. 2008. Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine 5(7): e141.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1549-1277en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4743913
dc.description.abstractBackground: Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization's (WHO's) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. Methods and Findings: Household surveys with a combined sample size of 85,052 were carried out in the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), Middle East and Africa (Israel, Lebanon, Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (Japan, People's Republic of China), and Oceania (New Zealand). The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of a wide variety of mental and substance disorders. This paper focuses on lifetime use and age of initiation of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Alcohol had been used by most in the Americas, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand, with smaller proportions in the Middle East, Africa, and China. Cannabis use in the US and New Zealand (both 42%) was far higher than in any other country. The US was also an outlier in cocaine use (16%). Males were more likely than females to have used drugs; and a sex–cohort interaction was observed, whereby not only were younger cohorts more likely to use all drugs, but the male–female gap was closing in more recent cohorts. The period of risk for drug initiation also appears to be lengthening longer into adulthood among more recent cohorts. Associations with sociodemographic variables were consistent across countries, as were the curves of incidence of lifetime use. Conclusions: Globally, drug use is not distributed evenly and is not simply related to drug policy, since countries with stringent user-level illegal drug policies did not have lower levels of use than countries with liberal ones. Sex differences were consistently documented, but are decreasing in more recent cohorts, who also have higher levels of illegal drug use and extensions in the period of risk for initiation.en_US
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_US
dc.relation.isversionofdoi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141en_US
dc.relation.hasversionhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443200/pdf/en_US
dash.licenseLAA
dc.subjectmental healthen_US
dc.subjectpublic health and epidemiologyen_US
dc.subjectsubstance use (including alcohol)en_US
dc.subjectpsychiatryen_US
dc.subjectpublic healthen_US
dc.subjectepidemiologyen_US
dc.subjectpatientsen_US
dc.titleToward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveysen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
dc.description.versionVersion of Recorden_US
dc.relation.journalPLoS Medicineen_US
dash.depositing.authorSampson, Nancy A.
dc.date.available2011-03-18T14:58:06Z
dash.affiliation.otherHMS^Health Care Policyen_US
dash.affiliation.otherHMS^Health Care Policyen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141*
dash.authorsorderedfalse
dash.contributor.affiliatedSampson, Nancy
dash.contributor.affiliatedKessler, Ronald


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