Acquired drug resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeted therapies remains a major clinical challenge. In EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), therapeutic failure of EGFR TKIs can result from both ...

Dynamic post-translational modifications are central to coordinating complex biological processes. This is especially evident after fertilization, where the modification or destruction of the egg’s existing proteins is ...

Cleft lip and/or palates (CL/P) are common congenital malformations, and mutations in the transcription factor IRF6 are the most significant genetic contributors to cleft pathogenesis. IRF6 is a master regulator of epithelial ...

Innate immunity plays a critical role as an initial barrier to infection. In addition, innate immunity can serve to shape and regulate adaptive immune responses. Therefore, investigating the integration of innate and ...

In mammals, DNA methylation in the form of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) can be actively reversed to unmodified cytosine through ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenase-mediated oxidation of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine ...

All leukocytes are coated with a dense layer of carbohydrates called the glycocalyx. Initially believed to serve largely biophysical roles, the glycocalyx is increasingly recognized as a gatekeeper of leukocyte interactions ...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic human pathogen found ubiquitously in both natural and manmade environments. Central to its ability to grow in different environments is the organism’s coordinated ...

In mammalian cells, interferon (IFN) responses that occur during RNA and DNA virus infections are activated by distinct signaling pathways. The RIG-I-like-receptors (RLR) bind viral RNA and engage the adaptor MAVS to promote ...

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) account for over 99 percent of cervical carcinomas as well as other anogenital tract and oropharyngeal carcinomas. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins are consistently expressed in cervical ...

Viral fusion proteins (VFPs) are membrane-anchored machines that coat the surfaces of enveloped viruses and induce the fusion of virus and cell membranes. While enveloped viruses are evolutionarily diverse, their fusion ...