Advances in DNA sequencing are creating new opportunities for studying the process of evolution. These measurements can be particularly useful for rapidly evolving microbial organisms, whose small size and fast generation ...

The bacterial cell envelope is the frontline protective barrier between the cell and the environment. It is a complex multilayered structure essential for maintaining cellular integrity and plays a crucial defensive role ...

Evolution proceeds by the stochastic emergence and fixation of mutations over time. The dynamics of this process are well understood if beneficial mutations are sufficiently rare or the population is sufficiently small. ...

Estimating the effects of missense mutations is a problem with many important applications in a variety of fields, including medical genetics, evolutionary theory, population genetics, and protein structure and design. ...

The bacterial chromosome is dramatically compacted into a subcellular structure called nucleoid. Simultaneously, it must be organized to allow the protein machinery for essential cellular processes to gain access to the ...

Individuals from the same species often differ quantitatively in many phenotypes. Understanding the genetic causes of such individuality may improve our understanding of the corresponding phenotypes, and our ability to ...