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{\operator Faculty Library}{\creatim\yr2001\mo2\dy23\hr16\min20}{\revtim\yr2001\mo2\dy23\hr16\min20}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages1}{\nofwords7314}{\nofchars41693}{\*\company Harvard Law School Library}{\nofcharsws51201}{\vern113}}
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\s16\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f1\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & }{\f1\fs20 Drug }{\fs20 Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 WAITING TO EXHALE: MEDICAL MARIJUANA AND ITS UNCERTAIN FUTURE
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 I. Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
Therapeutic use of marijuana is a political, medical and moral issue that has provoked controversy throughout this century. On one side of the debate is the governments desire to prevent drug abuse and to make certain that medical therapies are scientific
a
lly sound and do not raise false hopes. On the other side are the interests of desperately ill patients who long for relief and desire autonomous decision-making over their own well-being. Caught in the middle are loved ones of the seriously ill, physicia
ns, and the general public, who wish to be law abiding, yet who remain convinced and confused about the medical uses of marijuana.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Both sides have their extremes. Proponents of a drug-free America argue that }{\i\f1\fs20 any }{\fs20 legalization of marijuana, including looseni
ng restrictions for medical testing and use, should be prohibited. Groups such as the National Federation of Parents for a Drug-Free Youth believe that marijuana is dangerous and can be a gateway to more serious drug use.' However, medical studies show th
at marijuana has few side effects, is not addictive, and is generally safer than cigarettes, alcohol, and even aspirin.}{\fs20\super 2 }{\fs20 In addition, there is no evidence that recreational use of marijuana leads to the use of more dangerous drugs.}{
\fs20\super 3}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 On the other hand, advocates of complete legalization of marijuana claim that marijuana is not harmful and thus should be accessible to }{\i\f1\fs20 anyone }{\fs20 
who wants it, not just seriously ill patients. However, non\-profit institutions such as the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws have ultimately lost every attempt to even begin to loosen the restrictions on marijuana.}{\fs20\super 4 }{
\fs20 Although government-sanctioned studies have repeatedly recommended decriminalizing possession of marijuana, the government's response
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 12 ROBERT C. RANDALL, MARIJUANA, MEDICINE, AND THE LAW 395 (1989).
\par }{\fs20\super 2}{\fs20 Judy Foremen, }{\i\f1\fs20 Medical Marijuana --A Cure ora Curse?, }{\fs20 BOSTON GLOBE, Oct. }{\f1\fs20 7, }{\fs20 1991, at }{\i\f1\fs20 25.
\par }{\fs20\super 3}{\fs20 LESTER GRINSPOON & JAMES B. BAKALAR, MARIHUANA, THE FORBIDDEN MEDICINE 147 (1993).
\par }{\i\fs20\super 4}{\i\fs20 See }{\fs20 National Org. for the Reform of Marijuana Laws v. Ingersoll, 497 F.2d }{\i\f1\fs20 654 }{\fs20 (D.C. Cir. 1974); National
\par Org. for the Reform of Marijuana Laws v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 559 F.2d 735 (D.C. Cir. 1977);
\par National Org. for the Reform of Marijuana Laws v. Drug Enforcement Admin. & Dept of Heath Education
\par & Welfare, No. 79-1660 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 16, 1980); Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics v. Drug
\par Enforcement Admin, 930 F.2d 936 (D.C. Cir. 1991); and Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics v. Drug
\par Enforcement Admin., 15 F.3d 1131 (D.C. Cir. 1994).
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 to these studies in the past has sent a clear message: any legalization of marijuana is political suicide when our country's drug problems and crime rate have escalated.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
This paper will analyze the political and legal history of medical marijuana and its current legal status in the United States. I will argue throughout that the present lack of access to marijuana for medicinal purposes is unwarranted. I
 will conclude with a discussion of such possible future solutions as:
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s22\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\fs20 (1)\tab 
approval of a marijuana New Drug Application ("NDA'~) by the Food and Drug Administration ('FDA'); (2) a Congressional statute allowing marijuana to be prescribed; and, most importantly, (3) education of the public about the medical uses of marijuana.

\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\fs20 II. History of Medical Marijuana
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s23\qc\nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20 A. Pre-1937
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Marijuana }{\i\fs20 (Cannabis sativa) }{\fs20 has been used as a medicine in India, China, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, South Africa, and South America for thousands of years.
}{\fs20\super 5 }{\fs20 In the United States, the medicinal properties of marijuana were first recognized in the mid-nineteenth century. 6 From 1840-1900 Western medical literature proliferated with findings of the therapeutic value of marijuana.}{
\fs20\super 7 }{\fs20 Medical reports indicate that during this time American physicians recommended marijuana for tetanus, migraines, neuralgia, convulsions, as a sleep aid, as an appetite stimulant, and as a general pain killer.}{\fs20\super 8 }{\fs20 
Marijuana was even listed as a recognized medicine in the }{\i\fs20 United States Pharmacopoeia }{\fs20 from 1850 through 1942.~
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s24\qc\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20 B. }{\i\fs20 The }{\i\f1\fs20 Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Although Marijuana was included in the Food and Drug 
Act in 1915,10 it was not until Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act ("MTA") of 1937 that the medicinal use of marijuana met its legal demise. 11 Under the MTA, anyone using marijuana for industrial or medical purposes was required to register and pay a 
tax of a dollar an ounce.'}{\fs20\super 2 }{\fs20 Even though the MTA was aimed at stopping recreational marijuana use
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 5}{\fs20 GRINSPOON, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 3.
\par }{\i\fs20\super 6}{\i\fs20 1d }{\fs20 at4.
\par }\pard\plain \s25\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20\super 7}{\i\f1\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 at 5.
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 8}{\i\fs20 1d }{\fs20 at 5-7.
\par }{\fs20\super 9}{\fs20 JEROME HIMMELSTEIN, THE STRANGE CAREER OF MARIJUANA 22(1983).
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 10}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 at 23.
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 11}{\fs20 Marijuana Tax Act, 26 U.S.C. \'a7 4741 }{\i\fs20 etseq. }{\fs20 (1964) (repealed).
\par I}{\fs20\super 2}{\fs20 GPJNSPCJ~)N }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 8.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s27\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f1\fs20 2
\par }{\fs20 \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 (the MTA charged recreational users $100 per ounce),}{\fs20\super 13 }{\fs20 the enormous record-keeping requirements for medicinal use discouraged doctors from using marijuana.}{
\fs20\super 14}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The history of the passage of the MTA illustrates the beginning of the government's crusade against marijuana and helps explain the current stigma attac
hed to its use for any purpose. Before the Act was passed, Harry J. Anslinger, then the Commissioner of the Treasury Department's Bureau of Narcotics, (the forerunner of the Drug Enforcement Administration) ran a successful media campaign depicting mariju
ana use as addictive and the cause of violence and psychosis. 15 The most memorable aspect of Anslinger's campaign is the film }{\i\fs20 Reefer Madness, }{\fs20 
which graphically portrayed the potential evils of marijuana, including allegations that marijuana caused one man to murder his entire family.}{\fs20\super 16 }{\fs20 
Thus, by using powerful imagery and symbols, Anslinger provoked mass hysteria about the dangers of marijuana with little to no evidence that the drug was harmful, yet with the support of most of the medical community. 17
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Som
e scholars believe that Anslinger's war against marijuana was borne out of racism and xenophobia. At the time the MTA was passed, recreational users of marijuana included mostly Mexican immigrants and black jazz musicians.'}{\fs20\super 8 }{\fs20 
Some social scientists argue th
at the federal government preyed upon existing anti-Mexican sentiment by implying that since Mexican-Americans and other marginalized groups used marijuana, marijuana must produce violence and other "anti-social behavior" stereotypically associated with t
hese groups. 19 Thus, marijuana was classified as a narcotic, and not regulated as permissively as alcohol and tobacco, which were vices native to white European-Americans. 20
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 13}{\i\fs20 1d.
\par }{\i\fs20\super 14}{\i\fs20 1d.
\par }{\i\fs20\super 15}{\i\fs20 1d.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 '}{\i\fs20\super 6}{\i\fs20 See }{\fs20 United States v. Clary, 846 F. Supp. 768, 775 (E.D. Miss. 1994).
\par }{\fs20\super 17}{\fs20 0ne of the only opponents of the MTA was Dr. W.C. Woodward, the legislative counsel for the American Medical Association. GRINSPOON, }{\i\f1\fs20 supra }{\fs20 
note 3, at 9. Woodward argued for less restrictive regulation to study the medicinal uses of marijuana. }{\i\fs20 Id.
\par }{\fs20\super 18}{\fs20 HIMM~SThIN }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 9.
\par }{\fs20\super 19}{\fs20 HIMMELSTEIN, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 9, at 29.
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 20}{\fs20 Gregg A. Bilz, }{\i\fs20 The Medical Use of Marijuana: The Politics of Medicine, }{\fs20 13 HAMLINE J. PUBL L. & PcL'Y 117(1992).
\par }\pard\plain \sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 3
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s28\fi-294\li294\nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 C.\tab Subsequent Reports and Studies
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx294\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
Despite the federal government's efforts to portray marijuana as an addictive and dangerous drug, not everyone was convinced. In 1938, New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia commissioned a medical team to study the
 medical, sociological, and psychological aspects of marijuana use in New York City.}{\fs20\super 21 }{\fs20 
This committee published a report in 1944, entitled "The Marijuana Problem in the City of New York" ("The LaGuardia Report"). The LaGuardia Report contradicted much of t
he propaganda surrounding the passage of the MTA by concluding that marijuana use was not addictive, did not cause aggressive or anti-social behavior, and did not promote criminal activity. 22
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 At first, the Journal of the American Medical Association ("AM
A") applauded the findings of the LaGuardia Report, by describing it as a "careful study" and by acknowledging marijuana's potential therapeutic use for treating depression, appetite loss, and opiate addiction.}{\fs20\super 23 }{\fs20 
However, one month later the AMA succumbed to pressure by Anslinger and the Bureau of Narcotics and published an editorial denouncing the LaGuardia Report as "unscientific," "uncritical" and "scientifically dubious".}{\fs20\super 24 }{\fs20 
Taking a fervent political position, the AMA went on to state that "[plublic officials will do well to disregard this study, and continue to regard marihuana as a menace wherever it is purveyed."}{\fs20\super 25 }{\fs20 
Due to the bitter attacks against it, the LaGuardia Report was discredited and subsequently largely ignored by doctors, politicians and patients.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
For a few decades, the government lost interest in investigating the effects of marijuana. However, in 1971 President Nixon established the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. This commission, known as the "Shafer Commission," named a
fter Chairman Raymond P. Shafer, released its report entitled "Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding" on March 22, 1972.26 As is apparent by the
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 21}{\fs20 GRINSPOON }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 11.
\par }{\i\fs20\super 22}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 Incidentally, today, virtually everyone who is knowledgeable about the effects of marijuana agrees
\par that marijuana does not lead to violence. }{\i\fs20 See }{\fs20 STEVEN B. DUKE & ALBERT C. GROSS, AMERICA'S
\par LONGEST WAR: RETHINKING OUR TRAGIC CRUSADE AGAINST DRUGS 44(1993).
\par }{\fs20\super 23}{\fs20 GR1NSPOCJN }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 12.
\par }\pard\plain \s29\sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20\super 24}{\i\f6\fs20 1d
\par }\pard\plain \sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 26}{\fs20 Bilz, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 20; NATIONAL COMMISSION ON MARIJUANA AND DRUG ABUSE, MARIHUANA: A SIGNAL OF MISUNDERSTANDING 16(1972).
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 4
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 report s titl
e, the results of the study were unwelcome by President Nixon, particularly at a time when marijuana use was associated with the anti-establishment, hippie-culture of the 1960's and early 1970's.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The Shafer Commission's Report boldly attempted to "demytho
logize" the misconceptions of marijuana brought about by previous administrations. Among other things, the Commission found that there was no rational basis for passing the Marijuana Tax Act of j937,27 that marijuana is not addictive or significantly harm
ful, and that it should not be classified as a narcotic.}{\fs20\super 28 }{\fs20 
More importantly, the Shafer Commission's controversial stance that personal possession of marijuana be decriminalized, overshadowed their recommendation that marijuana be thoroughly researched for potential medical uses.}{\fs20\super 29 }{\fs20 
Instead of considering the conclusions in the report, President Nixon vowed to ignore them and to declare a "war on drugs."}{\fs20\super 30}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The next significant study done regarding the health effects of marijuana was a study commissioned by t
he National Institutes of Health and completed by a panel of the National Academy of Sciences ("NAS") in February in 1982. Although the NAS panel stated that marijuana "justifies serious national concern," 31 it also made promising findings regarding the 
use of marijuana and marijuana derivatives in treating glaucoma, asthma, and nausea resulting from chemotherapy treatment.}{\fs20\super 32 }{\fs20 
In addition, the NAS panel made an urgent plea for further research regarding therapeutic uses of marijuana as well as for further research investigating the long-term effects of the drug. 33
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
However, the findings of this NAS panel were soon eclipsed by the findings of another NAS panel a few months later. In July of 1982, the Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior released their study, commissioned in 1978 by the federal National 
Institute on Drug Abuse ("NIDA"), regarding the fiscal and social costs of enforcing marijuana laws.}{\fs20\super 34 }{\fs20 
This NAS panel recommended that possession of small amounts of marijuana be decriminalized because the costs of enforcing the law outweighed the
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 27}{\fs20 Bilz, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 20.
\par }{\fs20\super 28}{\fs20 NY TIMES, Feb. 13, 1972, at 1.
\par }{\fs20\super 29}{\fs20 1d; Bilz, }{\i\f1\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 20.
\par }{\fs20\super 30}{\fs20 N.Y. TIMES, May 20, 1971, at 50; Bilz, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 20.
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 31}{\i\fs20 The Potshot That Backfired; Science agency rejects its own study on easing marijuana }{\i\f1\fs20 laws, }{\fs20 TIME, Jul.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 19, 1982, at 79.
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 32}{\i\fs20 Another Sort of Smoke; Marijuana: "Justifies Serious National Concern," }{\fs20 TIME, Mar. 8, 1992, at 73.
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 33}{\fs20 Matt Clark & Mary Hagar, }{\i\fs20 The Hazards of Marijuana, }{\fs20 NEWSWEEK, Mar. 8, 1982, at 89.
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 34}{\i\fs20 The Potshot That Backfired, supra }{\fs20 note 31.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 5
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Huh
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 benefits.}{\fs20\super 35 }{\fs20 The attention given to this panel's }{\i\fs20 legal }{\fs20 conclusions overshadowed the previous panel's positive }{\i\fs20 medical }{\fs20 
conclusions concerning therapeutic use of marijuana. The panel' s recommendation of par
tial legalization was vehemently criticized by the president of the NAS and the director of NIDA and was completely at odds with the Reagan administration's hard-line stance against all drugs, including marijuana.}{\fs20\super 36}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Ill. The Legal Status of Medical Marijuana Today
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s30\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 A. The Controlled Substances Act
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 In 1970, Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, also known as the Controlled Substances Act ("CSA").}{\fs20\super 37 }{\fs20 
The CSA was enacted in the 
face of the nation's growing drug problem and was the federal government's first effort at a comprehensive regulatory scheme for hazardous drugs. The CSA classifies a drug or substance into one of five different "Schedules," depending on criteria such as 
safety and potential for abuse.}{\fs20\super 38}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Congress placed the marijuana plant in Schedule I, the category of drugs with the most severe controls, restrictions, and penalties for use.}{\fs20\super 39 }{\fs20 
In order to be a Schedule I drug, the CSA mandates findings by the Drug Enforcement administration ("DEA", a division of the Department of Justice under the Attorney General) that: (1) the drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse; (2) the dr
ug or other substance has }{\i\fs20 no currently accepted medical use }{\fs20 in treatment in the United States; and (3) there is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medial supervision.}{\fs20\super 40 }{\fs20 
Other Schedule I drugs include heroin and LSD.}{\fs20\super 41}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Sc
hedule II drugs are less stringently regulated but are still considered dangerous. The criteria for Schedule II drugs are somewhat different: (1) the drug or substance still has a high potential for abuse; (2) however, the drug or other substance has a cu
rrently accepted }{\i\fs20 medical use }{\fs20 in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted }{\i\fs20 medical use with severe restrictions; }{\fs20 and (3) abuse of the drug or other substance
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s29\sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20\super 35}{\i\f6\fs20 1d.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 ~~2l U.S.C. \'a7\'a7 801-971 (1988).
\par }{\i\fs20\super 38}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 at \'a7 812.
\par }{\i\f1\fs20\super 39}{\i\f1\fs20 1d; }{\fs20 930 F.2d at 937.
\par 4021 U.S.C. at \'a7 812(b)(1).
\par }{\i\f6\fs20\super 41}{\i\f6\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 at \'a7 812.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 6
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.}{\fs20\super 42 }{\fs20 Schedule II drugs include drugs such as cocaine, morphine, amphetamines and barbiturates.}{\fs20\super 
43 }{\fs20 Tetrahydrocannabinol ("THC"), the principal active ingredient in marijuana, and its synthetic equivalents are Schedule II drugs.}{\fs20\super 44}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The CSA allows a drug to be tran
sferred between schedules either by a motion by the Attorney General (i.e. the DEA) or by a challenge to the Attorney General's classification by the Secretary of Health, Education & Welfare (Now known as the Department of Health & Human services, which i
ncludes the Food & Drug administration ("FDA")), or by any interested party.}{\fs20\super 45 }{\fs20 
Re-classification is important because Schedule I and Schedule II drugs are regulated differently. On the one hand, the DEA has discretion whether or not to accept or deny regist
ration by potential manufacturers and distributors of both Schedule I and Schedule II drugs and may limit the manufacturer to a particular assigned quota.'~ However, Schedule I drugs are subject to much stricter research application requirements than Sche
dule II drugs and Schedule I drugs are not permitted to be prescribed by doctors.}{\fs20\super 47 }{\fs20 
Thus, re-classification from Schedule I to Schedule II is particularly significant for medical marijuana research and use and has been the subject of litigation for over twenty years.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s31\qc\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\i\fs20 B. Efforts to Reschedule Marijuana to Schedule II
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws ("NORML") filed a rule-making petition on May 18, 1972, requesting that the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (now the DEA) resc
hedule marijuana from Schedule Ito Schedule ~~48 This lawsuit initiated a lengthy and complex legal battle that eventually ended only last year. Much of the litigation centered around the statutory interpretation and administrative discretion of the DEA. 
Specifically, the litigation focused on whether or not marijuana has the Schedule II requirement of a }{\i\fs20 "currently accepted medical use in treatment" }{\fs20 or whether there is a }{\i\fs20 
"currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions." }{\fs20 The arguments made in these
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20\super 42}{\i\f6\fs20 1d }{\fs20 at \'a7 812(b)(2).
\par }{\i\f6\fs20\super 43}{\i\f6\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 at \'a7 812.; Bilz, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 20.
\par }{\fs20\super 44}{\fs20 Bilz, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 20.
\par ~~21 U.S.C. at \'a7 811(a).
\par }{\i\f6\fs20 ~kL }{\fs20 at \'a7 823(a)-(c).
\par }{\i\fs20\super 47}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\fs20 at \'a7 823(0.
\par 48497 F.2d at 655.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 7
\par \page }{\b\f99\fs8 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s32\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\b\f99\fs8 ,qM, }{\b\f27\fs16 4.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\b\f27\fs16 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 Student [D# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s34\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 court proceedings are illustrative of the numerous differing interests surrounding the issue of medical marijuana.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\fi720\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 After initial complications involving the effect of international obligations on re-scheduling and the need for an FDA evaluatio
n regarding medical and scientific findings, the DEA finally held public hearings in front of Administrative Law Judge Francis L. Young concerning whether or not the marijuana plant should be rescheduled in 1986.~~ Advocates in favor of rescheduling inclu
ded NORML, The Alliance For Cannabis Therapeutics ("ACT," the name plaintiff in the proceedings), The Cannabis Corporation of America ("CCA"), and the Zion Coptic Church (a religious organization which believes marijuana }{\fs18 is }{\fs20 
sacred). The parties opposing marijuana's rescheduling included the DEA, the International Chiefs of Police ("ICOP") and the National Federation of Parents for Drug Free Youth ("NFP").}{\fs20\super 50}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\li2936\sl-459\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2936\tx3191\adjustright {\fs20 I.\tab }{\i\fs20 Arguments for Rescheduling Marijuana: The Patients, the Parents and the Doctors
\par }\pard\plain \sl-459\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2936\tx3191\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\fi720\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
The parties who argued that marijuana be rescheduled, submitted poignant testimony from many patients who used marijuana to alleviate the pain they suffered from such debilitating diseases as glaucoma, cancer, multiple sclerosis, quadriplegia and severe n
euro-dermatitis.}{\fs20\super 5}{\fs20 
' For example, Valerie Leigh Cover, a twenty-eight year old woman afflicted with multiple sclerosis, had become addicted to Valium and was suffering from spasms and severe nausea and vomiting. After she stopped taking Valium and began to sm
oke marijuana, she testified that she "no longer felt nauseous. }{\f1\fs8 . . }{\fs20 noticed [hen intense spasms were significantly reduced" and her appetite began to increase.}{\fs20\super 52 }{\fs20 
Moreover, because most of these patients obtained marijuana illegally, they suffered constant anxiety about the possibility of arrest and were enraged at potentially being branded a criminal for using the only substance that provided relief from the pain 
of their otherwise incurable diseases.}{\fs20\super 53 }{\fs20 In addition to this anecdotal evidence from patients, ACT also submitted affidavits from relatives, and particularly from parents of the seriously ill, who also testified to
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 49~j Fed. Reg. 22946-01 (1986); 559 F.2
d at 735. The issue of whether synthetic reproductions of THC could be classified under Schedule I or II was settled in the meantime. On May 31, 1985, the FDA approved a NDA for Marmnol Capsules, containing a synthetic form of THC. Subsequently, the DEA p
laced Marinol on Schedule II. 51 Fed. Reg. 17476(1986); 51 Fed. Reg. 22,946(1986). }{\fs20\super 50}{\fs20 ROBERT C. RANDALL, M ARIJUANA,MEDICINE, AND THE LAW ix, x (1988).
\par }\pard\plain \s37\li2590\nowidctlpar\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 at 1-5.
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 52}{\i\fs20 1d }{\f6\fs20 at 231.
\par }{\i\f6\fs20\super 53}{\i\f6\fs20 1d }{\f6\fs20 at 105.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s39\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 8
\par }{\fs20 \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 the apparent therapeutic effects of marijuana on their loved ones and who made desperate pleas to make marijuana accessible. ~
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
ACT and their co-parties' most important evidence was the testimony by doctors and pharmacologists regarding the accepted medical use of marijuana. The doctors who testified on behalf of rescheduling marijuana argued that although synthetic THC is availab
l
e for prescription under Schedule II constraints, smoking marijuana is actually preferable to taking a pill. These experts stated that their patients could more easily control their dosage with a "joint," that pills are difficult to keep down for patients
 suffering from nausea and vomiting, and that by inhaling smoke, the effects of the drug are felt more quickly.}{\fs20\super 55}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 From this testimony, it is apparent that the ban on medical marijuana places constraints on the doctor-patient relationship and forces many do
ctors to violate their ethical duty to practice medicine for the good of their patients. The physicians who testified before the AU in favor of rescheduling cited not only the safety and effectiveness of medical marijuana, but also noted their frustration
 in being unable to prescribe marijuana freely.}{\fs20\super 56 }{\fs20 
Feeling that their hands were tied, these physicians were often put in an untenable position: they could either not even mention marijuana and its possible therapeutic effects, in which case their patients w
ould suffer, or they could suggest illegal acquisition of the drug, in which case they would be advocating breaking the law. In either case they did not (and still do not) even have the option of prescribing marijuana.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s40\li703\sl-447\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx702\tx941\adjustright {\fs20 2.\tab }{\i\f6\fs20 Arguments Against Rescheduling Marijuana: The Government, the Parents and the Doctors
\par }\pard\plain \sl-447\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx702\tx941\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
The DEA testimony consisted overwhelmingly of arguments from physicians and pharmacologists who felt that there simply were not enough properly controlled scientific and medical studies to show that the
 marijuana plant has an accepted medical use in the United States for treating such diseases as glaucoma, multiple sclerosis and nausea and resulting from chemotherapy.}{\fs20\super 57 }{\fs20 
Chemists noted that there are over 400 different chemicals and 60 cannabinoids identified in the marijuana plant, many of
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 54}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\f6\fs20 at 1-5.
\par }{\i\fs20\super 55}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\f6\fs20 at 83, 140.
\par }\pard\plain \s42\li436\nowidctlpar\tx436\adjustright {\f6\fs20 at 147, 163.
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 57}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\f6\fs20 at 359, 365, 385.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 9
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 which have not been tested for safety and all of which appear in varying degrees in each plant.}{\fs20\super 58 }{\fs20 
In addition, the DEA argued that smoking marijuana may have unwanted side-effects such as increased heart rate and adverse effects on the lungs, and maintained that synthetic oral THC is equally, if not more }{\f6\fs20 effective.}{\f6\fs20\super 59}{
\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 It is important to note that the DEA did not argue that the use of marijuana for medical purposes is necessarily }{\i\fs20 ineffective, }{\fs20 
but only that there is insufficient data for an accepted medical use.}{\fs20\super 60 }{\fs20 
However, it is difficult to ascertain how much of the testimony by the scientific community against rescheduling marijuana was prompted by an unconscious reaction to the substances' stigma as a Schedule I illegal drug. Many well-established doctors w
ere not willing to face the }{\i\fs20 political }{\fs20 repercussions associated with calling marijuana "safe" for use as a medicine.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The DEAs position during the hearings effectively prohibited marijuana from ever being rescheduled in the near future: the marijuana plant 
has not been subjected to rigorous enough testing to be a Schedule II drug, yet its status as a Schedule I drug makes it very difficult to research both because of the logistical constraints and because of the reproach doctors might face for investigating
 
the drug. If the DEA had implicit political or social policy reasons for keeping a lock on marijuana as a Schedule I substance (such as the fact that marijuana is associated throughout history with dissident groups or that any legalization is politically 
impossible when engaged in a war on drugs) they were careful to never articulate them on the record in the hearings.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The arguments made by the National Federation of Parents for a Drug Free Youth were probably more honest than those made by the DEA. Instea
d of focusing exclusively on the scientific uncertainty of medical marijuana, the NEP argued that rescheduling marijuana sends the wrong message "to a nation that }{\fs18 is }{\fs20 
engaged in a battle for its very survival because of epidemic drug abuse."}{\fs20\super 6}{\fs20 ' In addition, the NEP }{\f6\fs20 believed }{\fs20 that young people would interpret rescheduling as a sign that marijuana is OK and that "[wie then
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 58}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\f6\fs20 at }{\fs20 314: In addition, testimony of one of DEA's scientists reveals that some natural occurring plants such as Digitalis, have been use
d for centuries as drugs within our "cultural milieu." }{\i\fs20 Id. }{\fs20 at 327-28.
\par Arguably, marijuana was also part of our "cultural milieu" before it was effectively banned by the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937.
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 ~Id }{\fs20 at 314; 2 RANDALL, }{\i\f1\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note I, at 267, 286. 602 RANDALL, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 1, at 281.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20\super 61}{\i\f6\fs20 1d }{\f6\fs20 at 395.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 10
\par }{\fs20 \page }{\f6\fs20 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
have another youngster trying marijuana, the gateway drug and probably starting down the road that leads to nowhere but destruction. "62 Although this "stepping stone" argument has been popular rhetoric for denouncing marijuana, no study has ever substant
iated this theory.}{\fs20\super 63}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
In any case, both of NFP's arguments, that rescheduling sends the wrong "message" and that marijuana is a "gateway drug," are erroneous in the discussion about making marijuana available for desperately ill patients. Allowing medical m
arijuana only sends the wrong message if the public remains uneducated about the therapeutic effects of the drug on patients with severe disabilities. Until the debate about }{\i\f6\fs20 medical }{\fs20 
marijuana is sufficiently distinguished between the debate about total }{\i\fs20 legalization }{\fs20 of marijuana, the arguments of the NEP will continue to be persuasive to politicians and the public.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s45\fi-249\li1105\nowidctlpar\tx856\tx1105\adjustright {\fs20 3.\tab }{\i\fs20 The Outcome of the Litigation
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx856\tx1105\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Judge Young issued his decision on September 6, 1988. Creating somewhat of a public fervor,
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Judge Young concluded that the provisions of the CSA required the transfer of marijuana from Schedule I
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 to Schedule H.}{\fs20\super 64 }{\fs20 Judge Young dismissed the notion that rescheduling will "'send a signal' that marijuana is
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 'OK' for recreational use,"}{\fs20\super 65 }{\fs20 holding that this fear is "specious" and should not be allowed to override the
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 legitimate need of "countless sufferers" who can be provided with relief when marijuana "is prescribed by a
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 physician in a legitimate case. "66
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 However, John Law, then the Ad
ministrator of the DEA, vehemently overruled the AU decision, rejecting the medical and testimonial evidence that marijuana has an accepted medical use.}{\fs20\super 67 }{\fs20 
The Administrator chastised the "irresponsible and irrational statements propounded by the pro-marijuana parties" and called Judge Young's finding "appalling."}{\fs20\super 68 }{\fs20 
In addition, the Administrator argued that the testimony advocating rescheduling "may be rejected as quackery" and that ACT and NORML have "falsely
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20\super 62}{\i\f1\fs20 1d.; }{\fs20 This argument is also known as the "stepping stone" hypothesis, and was probably first introduced
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 by the Anslinger campaign for the passage of the Marijuana Tax Act in the 1930's. HIMMELSTEIN, }{\i\f1\fs20 supra
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\f1\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 note 9, at 86.
\par }{\fs20\super 63}{\fs20 GRINSPOON, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 445.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f1\fs20 M}{\f1\fs20\sub 2 }{\f6\fs20 RANDALL, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 1, at 445.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 65J4
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 ~Id
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 6754 Fed. Reg. 53767, 53770 (1989).
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 68}{\i\fs20 1d }{\f6\fs20 at 53783.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 11
\par }{\fs20 \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s43\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\pvpg\phpg\posx2398\posy13050\absw1405\dxfrtext38\dfrmtxtx38\dfrmtxty38\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 69}{\i\fs20 1d. }{\f6\fs20 at 53784.
\par }{\f6\fs20\super 70}{\f6\fs20 1d.
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\pvpg\phpg\posx2398\posy13050\absw1405\dxfrtext38\dfrmtxtx38\dfrmtxty38\adjustright {\fs20 ~'930 F.2d at 937. }{\i\fs20\super 72}{\i\fs20 1d }{\f6\fs20 at 939.
\par }\pard \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student LD# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s21\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 raised the expectations of many seriously ill persons by claiming that marijuana has medical usefulness in treating emesis, glaucoma, spasticity and other illnesses."}{\fs20\super 69}{
\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 Two elements of the Administrator's decision are particularly striking. First, throughout the Administrator's opinion, he continuously referred to ACT, NORML and the CCA as the }{
\i\fs20 "pro-marijuana parties," }{\fs20 an effective rhetorical technique misbranding these pa
rties as having advocated complete and utter legalization of marijuana throughout the hearings. In addition, this was the fist time the government raised the "false hopes" argument, whereby the Administrator argued that ACT and NORML had perpetrated a "da
ngerous and cruel hoax on the American public" by advocating medical use of marijuana.}{\fs20\super 70 }{\fs20 
This allegation is misplaced in a legal proceeding for the rescheduling of a substance. ACT and NORML were exercising their legal right under the CSA to petition for the rescheduling of a drug. These parties were not }{\i\f6\fs20 marketing }{\fs20 
marijuana to the American public. This kind of "false hopes" argument is best left for use by the FDA in situations where manufacturers mislead the public as to the therapeutic effects of a drug un
der the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and is irrelevant in a proceeding under the CSA.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 ACT and NORML petitioned for review of the Administrator's decision. In }{\i\fs20 Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics v. Drug Enforcement Administration, }{\fs20 
the D.C. Circuit agreed with petitioners that the DEA }{\f6\fs20 Administrator may have relied }{\fs20 on several factors in the determination of whether or not marijuana has an }{\f6\fs20 
accepted medical use which were impossible to satisfy because of the drug's }{\fs20 restrictive Schedule I status.}{\fs20\super 71}{\fs20  }{\f6\fs20 In his opinion, the Administrator used an }{\fs20 
eight-factor test for determining the "currently accepted medical }{\f6\fs20 use" of marijuana. The D.C. Circuit remanded the case to the Administrator for an explanation of how a Schedule I illegal drug could ever satisfy the factors requ
iring "general availability of the substance and }{\fs20 its use," "recognition of its use in generally accepted pharmacopoeia, medical references, etc." and "recognition and use... by a substantial segment of the medical practitioners in the U.S."}{
\fs20\super 72}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 In March of 
1992, Robert C. Bonner, then the Administrator of the DEA, issued another order condensing the initial eight-factor test into a five-factor test for determining when a drug has a "currently
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\qc\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\f6\fs20 12
\par }{\fs20 \page }{\b\f27\fs16 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s47\li79\nowidctlpar\tx79\adjustright {\b\f27\fs16 4.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx79\adjustright {\b\f27\fs16 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s48\fi-1893\li1893\sl-306\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\b\f1\fs28 r\tab }{\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57 Food & Drug Law Final Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-306\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s52\li1893\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 accepted medical use" and holding that marijuana did not satisfy the five-factor test.}{\fs20\super 73 }{\fs20 In February of
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s52\li1893\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 1994, the D.C. Circuit reviewed this subsequent order and held that the new test was not impossible for a
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s52\li1893\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 Schedule I drug to meet and that the Administrator's decision not to reschedule marijuana was reasonable
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s52\li1893\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 and supported by substantial evidence on the record. ~
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s50\qc\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\i\fs20 C. FDA "Compassionate Use" INDs
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s51\fi697\li1893\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 
In the midst of the rescheduling petition and the ensuing litigation, the FDA began receiving applications from patients who wished to use medical marijuana under a "Compassionate Use" Investigational New Drug ("IND") program. The program was cumbersome a
nd time consuming:
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s49\li1893\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 physicians had to file special forms with the DEA and the application then had to be approved by the DEA and the FDA.}{\fs20\super 75 }{\fs20 
If the form was approved, the doctor then had to fill out special order forms and send them to National Institute on Drug Abuse.}{\fs20\super 76 }{\fs20 
In addition, doctors were reluctant to have themselves stigmatized as marijuana advocates and some felt that their government research grants would be jeopardized if they filed for Compassionate Use INDs for their patients. 77
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s51\fi697\li1893\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 For about fift
een years, the marijuana was grown at a NIDA research farm in Oxford, Mississippi, but even at its peak only fifteen people received marijuana under the program.}{\fs20\super 78 }{\fs20 
The FDA received hundreds of applications from the inception of the program and they were de
luged with thousands of applications from people with AIDS beginning in 1989.~~ AIDS sufferers cited marijuana as welcome relief from the nausea brought on by AZT and claimed that marijuana was an effective drug in helping AIDS-related anorexia.}{
\fs20\super 80}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s51\fi697\li1893\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 Althoug
h the onslaught of applications from AIDS patients desiring medical marijuana added a new vocal advocate for the therapeutic uses of marijuana, the Department of Health and Human Services
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx1893\tx2590\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s52\li1893\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 7357 Fed. Reg. 10499, 10507 (1992).
\par }\pard\plain \s53\li1876\nowidctlpar\tx1876\adjustright {\f6\fs20\super 74}{\f6\fs20 15F.3dat 1136.
\par }\pard\plain \s52\li1893\nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\f6\fs20\super 75}{\f6\fs20 GRINSPOON, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 20-21.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1893\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s53\li1876\nowidctlpar\tx1876\adjustright {\f6\fs20\super 77}{\f6\fs20 DUKE & GROSS, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 22, at 183.
\par }\pard\plain \s54\li1876\nowidctlpar\tx1876\adjustright {\fs20\super 78}{\fs20 Michael Isikoff, }{\i\fs20 Compassionate Marijuana Use Supplies for Medical Needs are in Jeopardy, }{\fs20 WASH.
\par }\pard\plain \s53\li1876\nowidctlpar\tx1876\adjustright {\f6\fs20 POST, Nov. 12, 1991, at z19.
\par }{\f6\fs20\super 79}{\f6\fs20 GRINSPOON, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\f6\fs20 note 3, at 21.
\par }{\f6\fs20\super 80}{\f6\fs20 BiIz, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\f6\fs20 note 20; Mike }{\fs20 McKee, }{\i\fs20 Caught in the Drug War Cross Fire, }{\f6\fs20 THE RECORDER, Apr. 30, 1992,
\par at 1.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx1876\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s55\qc\nowidctlpar\tx1876\adjustright {\fs20 13
\par \page }{\b\f1\fs28 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s56\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\b\f1\fs28 w
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\b\f1\fs28 
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s57\li2205\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 decided to }{\fs20 phase out the Compassionate Use }{\f6\fs20 IIND program in 1991.81 The revocation of the }{\fs20 programjust }{\f6\fs20 
at a point when thousands of AIDS patients had applied did not strike some as }{\fs20 a coincidence, but more as a }{\f6\fs20 continuation of the Reagan-Bush anti-AIDS stance. }{\fs20 Comments from James }{\f6\fs20 
0. Mason, director of the Public Health Service seem to support this view, for Mason said he thought allowing AIDS patients to smoke marijuana may interfere with }{\fs20 their ability to use }{\f6\fs20 a condom and generally practice safe sex.}{
\f6\fs20\super 82}{\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\fi720\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 However, HHS officials cited political reasons for ending the }{\f6\fs20 IND program, stating that "it gives a }{\fs20 
bad signal" and arguing that it undercut official Bush administration policy against the use of illegal drugs.}{\fs20\super 83 }{\fs20 In addition, government officials claimed that marijuana posed the same health risks as those cited by th
e DEA in the rescheduling litigation.~ The policy change to halt the Compassionate Use INDs was actually an inter-agency decision made by the DEA, the Public Health Service and the National Institute of Health.}{\fs20\super 85 }{\fs20 
The FDA had approved at least twenty seven seriously ill patients for the program when it was canceled.}{\fs20\super 86 }{\fs20 
None of these individuals were ever provided marijuana under the program despite having their applications accepted; thus, if anyone raised the "false hopes" of the desperately ill it was the government.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s58\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\i\fs20 D. Federal Legislation
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\fi720\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
An attempt at passing legislation mandating that medical marijuana be available failed. In 1985, Representative Stewart McKinney (Conn.) introduced a bill entitled "Legislation to End Prohibition of Medical Use of Marijuana for Seriously flI Americans."}{
\fs20\super 87 }{\fs20 It is not surprising that the bill was unsuccessful, for before it was even introduced the Reagan administration had already rejected the findings of two NAS panels regarding the potential therapeutic uses and legalizati
on of marijuana.}{\fs20\super 88 }{\fs20 Efforts to pass a bill legalizing the therapeutic use of heroin have also been futile.}{\fs20\super 89}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20\super 8t}{\fs20 Michael Isikoff, }{\i\fs20 HHS to Phase Out Marijuana Program, }{\fs20 WASH. POST., June 22, 1991, at a14.
\par }{\fs20\super 82}{\fs20 lsikoff, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 78.
\par }\pard\plain \s59\li2222\nowidctlpar\tx2222\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20\super 83}{\i\f6\fs20 Id
\par }\pard\plain \s60\li2222\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2222\adjustright {\fs20\super 84}{\fs20 Dianne Klein, }{\i\fs20 The Empty Pot: U.S. Draws Criticism for Decision to Halt Little-Known Program to Distribute Free Marijuana to the Seriously Ill, }{\fs20 
LOS ANG. TIMES, Apr. 1, }{\f6\fs20 1992, }{\fs20 at A3.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2222\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 87131 CONG. REC. H2678-05 (1985).
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 88}{\i\fs20 5ee supra }{\fs20 notes 3 1-36 and accompanying text.
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 89135 CONG. REC. S289-01 (1989).
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s39\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 14
\par }{\fs20 \page }{\b\f1\fs28 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s56\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\b\f1\fs28 w
\par }\pard\plain \s61\sl-306\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx323\tx2194\adjustright {\b\f1\fs28 \tab r\tab }{\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57\line \tab \tab Food & Drug Law Final\line \tab \tab Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \sl-306\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx323\tx2194\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s58\qc\nowidctlpar\tx323\tx2194\adjustright {\i\fs20 E. State Legislation
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx323\tx2194\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\fi720\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
State governments responded more favorably to the need for therapeutic marijuana, yet they faced serious implementation problems caused by preemption by federal laws. At one point, at least thirty-five states passed legislation approving the medical use o
f
 marijuana for certain patientsY~ These statutes provided medical marijuana in the guise of creating state therapeutic "research" programs, which typically required doctors to certify to the state that their patients were seriously ill and unresponsive to
 conventional medical treatment.}{\fs20\super 91}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\fi720\li2199\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs20 
However, because of marijuana's status as a Schedule I drug under the CSA, these states were dependent on dispensing marijuana through the federal government and had to get FDA approval for their IND programs.}{\fs20\super 92 }{\fs20 As a resu
lt, the bureaucratic procedure and lengthy delays forced most states to abandon their efforts at providing medical marijuana. Some states have even repealed their legislation and some statutes have expired.}{\fs20\super 93 }{\fs20 
Recent action by California Governor Pete Wilso
n suggests that the states are taking a more conservative approach. Despite the passage of a San Francisco referendum in 1991 urging California to permit doctors to prescribe marijuana for seriously ill patients,}{\fs20\super 94 }{\fs20 
Wilson recently vetoed legislation that would have allowed physicians to prescribe marijuana, citing conflicts with federal law and }{\fs18 policy.}{\fs18\super 95}{\fs18 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\fs18 
\par }\pard\plain \s58\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\i\fs20 F. The "Medical Necessity" Defense
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2919\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s62\fi680\li2205\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2885\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Some state and federal courts have allowed an individual charged with possession of marijuana to claim a "medical necessity defense."}{\f6\fs20\super 96 }{\fs20 
Robert Randall, the founder of }{\f6\fs20 ACT and a glaucoma sufferer, was
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2885\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s63\fi-216\li2415\nowidctlpar\tx2199\tx2415\adjustright {\f6\fs20 ~\tab GRINSPOON, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\f6\fs20 note 3, at 17. }{\fs20 The states which enacted such legislation include: Alabama, Alaska,
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine,
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20 Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia,
\par Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. }{\i\fs20 Id.
\par }\pard\plain \s64\li2154\nowidctlpar\tx2154\adjustright {\i\f6\fs20\super 91}{\i\f6\fs20 5ee }{\f6\fs20 MICH. STAT. ANN. }{\fs20 \'a7\'a7 333.7335-36(1984) (expired 1982).
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20\super 92}{\fs20 GRINSP~~N, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\f6\fs20 note 3, at 17.
\par }{\fs20\super 93}{\fs20 MICH. REV. STAT. ANN. \'a7\'a7 333.7335-36(1984) (expired 1982); CAL. HEALTh & SAFETY CODE \'a7\'a7
\par }\pard\plain \s64\li2154\nowidctlpar\tx2154\adjustright {\f6\fs20 11260-11270(1985), }{\i\fs20 repealed by }{\f6\fs20 Stats. 1984, ch. 417, }{\fs20 \'a7 5, eff. July 11, 1984, operative June 30, 1989;
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 ALASKA STAT. }{\fs20 \'a7 17, ch. 35(1984), }{\i\fs20 repealed by }{\f6\fs20 ALASKA STAT. }{\f1 \'a7 }{\f6\fs20 22, ch. 146(1986); LA. REV. STAT.
\par ANN. }{\fs20 \'a7 }{\f6\fs20 40:1021-: 1026 (1985), }{\i\fs20 repealed by }{\f6\fs20 Acts 1989, No. 662, }{\fs20 \'a7 }{\f6\fs20 8, eff. July 7, 1989; ME. REV. STAT.
\par ANN. tit. 22, }{\fs20 \'a7\'a7 }{\f6\fs20 2401-2420 (1984), }{\i\fs20 repealed by }{\f1 \'a7 }{\f6\fs20 2410, eff. Sept. 14, 1981.
\par }\pard\plain \s33\li2199\sl-221\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2199\adjustright {\fs20\super 94}{\fs20 lsikoff, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\f6\fs20 note 78.
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\i\fs20\super 95}{\i\fs20 Wilson vetoes marijuana, AIDS bills, }{\f6\fs20 CANCER RESEARCHER WEEKLY, Oct. 17, 1994, at 12.
\par }{\f6\fs20\super 96}{\f6\fs20 United States v. Burgon, 894 F.2d 188 (6th }{\fs20 Cir.), }{\i\fs20 cert. denied, }{\f6\fs20 111 S.Ct. 157 (1990); Jenks v. State, 582
\par So.2d 676(1991); State v. Bachman, 595 P.2d 287 (1979); State v. Diana, 604 P.2d 1312 (1979).
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s39\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 15
\par }{\fs20 \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s65\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s66\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
the first person to successfully assert the defense in the D.C. Superior Court in 1976.~~ In 1992, the Maine legislature passed a law establishing an affirmative defense for marijuana users who were diagnosed with glaucoma and who suffered side effects fr
om radiation treatment.}{\f6\fs20\super 98 }{\f6\fs20 However, Maine Governor John }{\fs20 McKearnan vetoed the legislation under pressure from the federal government.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s20\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The medical necessity defense, while potentially useful in some situations, is not accessible to }{\f6\fs20 everyone who uses marijuana for }{\fs20 
medicinal purposes and is unattractive because of }{\f6\fs20 its availability only after a seriously ill patient has been arrested. The courts which have allowed }{\fs20 a medical necessity defense }{\f6\fs20 
typically require expert medical testimony that the harm from the defend
ant's disease is serious and imminent and that conventional medical alternatives are ineffective or unavailable. 100 This puts a difficult burden of proof on a defendant and is costly. In addition, some states, like Minnesota and New Jersey, have rejected
 the medical necessity defense altogether. 101
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s67\fi-261\li2415\nowidctlpar\tx2154\tx2415\adjustright {\i\fs20 W.\tab }{\f6\fs20 The Future }{\fs20 Of The Therapeutic Use Of Marijuana
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2154\tx2415\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s68\fi720\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 Medical marijuana will never be available for prescription on a national level until it is transferred to Schedule II of the CSA. The courts in the }{\i\fs20 ACT }{\fs20 resche
duling litigation effectively foreclosed any opportunity by citizen groups to petition for rescheduling in the near future by affirming the DEA's position that more rigorous and scientifically accepted research must be done on marijuana before it can be c
o
nsidered to have a "currently accepted medical use." Anecdotal evidence from sufferers of glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and AIDS, and affidavits from their physicians are insufficient. Even a 1991 study done by Richard Doblin and Mark Klcinman of 
Harvard's Kennedy School revealing that forty-eight percent of the oncologists surveyed said they would prescribe marijuana for some of their patients if it were legal is not enough to prove that marijuana is accepted by the medical community.}{
\fs20\super 102}{\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 97}{\fs20 United States v. Randall, 104 Daily Wash.L.Rep. 2249 (D.C. Super. 1976).
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 98}{\fs20 McKee, }{\i\f6\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 80.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s26\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 ~Id.
\par }{\i\fs20\super 100}{\i\fs20 1d.; }{\fs20 595 P.2d }{\f6\fs20 at 287.
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 101 State v. Tate, }{\f6\fs20 505 A.2d 941 (1986); State v. Hanson, 468 N.W.2d 77(1991).
\par }\pard\plain \s29\sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 102 Brian Hecht, }{\i\f6\fs20 Out of Joint: The Case for Medicinal Marijuana, }{\fs20 NEW REPUBLIC, Jul. 15, 1991, at 7.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 16
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s65\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s69\fi-289\li289\nowidctlpar\tx289\adjustright {\i\fs20 A.\tab Proving Accepted Medical Use of Marijuana and the Role of the FDA in Rescheduling
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx289\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s70\fi765\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx765\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Since it is unlikely that the DEA will change its tough "war on drugs" stance and recommend rescheduling itself, one }{\fs20 
possible way to demonstrate marijuana's accepted therapeutic use is through }{\f6\fs20 endorsement by }{\fs20 the FDA. The CSA provides that the }{\f6\fs20 FDA may recommend that a substance }{\fs20 not be }{\f6\fs20 controlled.}{\f6\fs20\super 103 }{
\f6\fs20 The }{\fs20 FDA's scientific and medical findings are binding on the DEA and the DEA may not }{\f6\fs20 control a substance if the FDA recommends against it.}{\f6\fs20\super 104}{\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx765\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s68\fi720\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 However, while }{\f6\fs20 it is not legally necessary for }{\fs20 a drug to go through the NDA process in order for it }{\f6\fs20 to be rescheduled,'}{\f6\fs20\super 05 }{
\f6\fs20 typically the FDA only recommends to the DEA that a drug be rescheduled after it has approved a NDA }{\fs20 for the drug. For example, the FDA did not recommend rescheduling THC and its }{\f6\fs20 synthetic equivalent }{\i\fs20 dronabinol }{
\fs20 (Marmnol capsules) to Schedule }{\f6\fs20 II until a NDA was approved for both substances.'~ Other drugs, such as }{\i\fs20 levo-alphacetylmethadol }{\f6\fs20 ("LAAM") have also been }{\fs20 transferred to }{\f6\fs20 Schedule }{\fs20 
H upon approval of a NDA.}{\fs20\super 107 }{\fs20 Thus, the rescheduling of marijuana by the }{\f6\fs20 FDA hinges on whether or not }{\fs20 the drug could pass the rigorous requirements imposed by the }{\f6\fs20 IND/NDA process.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s68\fi720\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Marijuana }{\fs20 will most likely never be approved by the FDA under a NDA. First, the bureaucratic }{\f6\fs20 difficulties in researching }{\fs20 a Schedule I }{\f6\fs20 
drug are burdensome.}{\f6\fs20\super 108 }{\fs20 
In addition, researching marijuana presents special problems because it is a plant. Pharmaceutical companies are uninterested in investing in marijuana because it can not be patented and because it contains many chemicals, instead of one chemical that 
can be isolated and reproduced synthetically.}{\fs20\super 1~ }{\fs20 In addition, because the IND/NDA process is incredibly costly, the drug companies will only sponsor a NDA if there is }{\f6\fs20 reasonably certainty that the }{\fs20 
application will be approved }{\f1\fs8 -- }{\fs20 a guarantee that can not be made in light of the political implications }{\f6\fs20 surrounding marijuana.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s68\fi720\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 Even if a sponsor could be found, the appropriate controlled studies may be difficult to administer. The FDA usually requires placebo-controlled studies, which some doctors }{
\f6\fs20 are unwilling to do on patients }{\fs20 10321 U.S.C. at \'a7811(a).
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20\super 105}{\f6\fs20 Grinspoon v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 828 F.2d 881 (1st Cir. 1987).
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 10647 Fed. Reg. 10080(1982); 51 Fed. Reg. 17476 (1986).
\par 10758 Fed. Reg. 25790 (1993).
\par }\pard\plain \s71\li584\nowidctlpar\tx583\adjustright {\i\fs20 supra }{\f6\fs20 notes 46-47 and accompanying text.
\par }\pard\plain \s41\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20\super 109}{\f6\fs20 GPJNSPOON, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 3, at 157.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s72\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 17
\par \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s73\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 who are seriously ill. Donald Abrams, chairman of San Francisco's Community Consortium, has attempted to devise a tri
al comparing the efficacy of inhaled marijuana to synthetic THC on AIDS patients."}{\fs20\super 0}{\fs20 
 Frustrated by FDA requirements regarding controlled studies, Abrams stated "[platients with HJV wasting syndrome should not be given an inert substance for 12 weeks."' II T
hus, the near impossibility of performing the appropriate scientific studies on marijuana collapses into larger criticisms of the lengthy and costly IND/NDA process and its discriminatory affect on the desperately ill.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s31\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 B. Congressional Action
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s68\fi720\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 
Another way to reschedule marijuana is to amend the CSA through Congressional action. However, the possibility of passing a medical marijuana act remains uncertain in today's changing political climate. Although the Clinton administration appeared recepti
ve to re-instituting the FDA Compassionate Use IND program, the Public Health Service decided against lifting the ban last August.}{\fs20\super 112 }{\fs20 
Former Surgeon General Jocelyn Elders supported using marijuana to treat certain illness; however, her dismissal may indica
te that the public and the administration is not receptive to such views. In addition, the success of the Republicans in last fall's elections is attributed, in part, to a national desire for politicians to get tough on crime and drugs. Indeed, the House 
R
epublicans' Contract With America calls for wiping out crime prevention spending in the Crime Bill and building more prisons instead. Even NORML has responded to the changing of the guard in Washington, by shedding its hippie image and installing a new bo
ard in order to cater to the "button-down world of blue-ribbon science and lab research, coupled with a strong aroma of libertarianism."}{\fs20\super 1 }{\fs20 13
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx720\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s74\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 However, there are recent indications that the public is more tolerant regarding recreational use of marijuana, per
haps alleviating political pressure to brand the drug as unsafe and paving the way for public acceptance of medical marijuana. For example, in 1987, the admission by Supreme Court nominee
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s78\sl-260\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 110 Rebecca Voelker, }{\i\fs20 Medical Marijuana: A Trial of Science and Politics. }{\fs20 271 J. AM. MED. ASS'N 1645 (1994).
\par }\pard\plain \s76\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs18 lIlj~
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs18 
\par }\pard\plain \s77\sl-198\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 12}{\fs20 Cynthia Hubert McClatchy, }{\i\fs20 Membership In This Club is Criminal; Underground Meeting Place }{\i\f6\fs20 Provides Marijuana to Chronically }{\i\fs20 Ill, }{\fs20 
FRESNO BEE, Sept. 4, 1994, at B 10.
\par }\pard\plain \s29\sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\b\f27\fs16 "}{\b\f27\fs16\super 3 }{\fs20 Edward Epstein, }{\i\f6\fs20 The Marijuana Lobby Buttons Down After 2S Years of Grass-Roots Struggles, The }{\i\fs20 
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Sheds Its Long-Hair Image to Get Some Respect in Washington, }{\fs20 SAN FRAN. CHRON., Jan. 22, 1995, at 6/71.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s44\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 18
\par }{\fs20 \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s79\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Douglas H. Ginsburg that he had smoked marijuana while a professor at Harvard Law School was politically devastating.}{\fs20\super 114 }{\fs20 
However, today we not only elected a President who has smoked marijuana, but also a Vice President and a Speaker of the House who have experimented with the drug (Gingrich admitted to smoking marijuana while in graduate school).}{\fs20\super 115}{\fs20 

\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s74\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 The government may also
 be more sympathetic to the idea of medical marijuana than one might expect. In 1982, in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association, Gingrich himself challenged the AMA to rethink its official stance against medical marijuana in the hopes
 
that the AMA "might well discover that its own assessment of marijuana's therapeutic value has, in the past, been more than slightly shaded by federal policies that are less than neutral." 116 In addition, proponents of medical marijuana may find that the
 
new anti-regulation, libertarian Republican Congress will lend an ear to the argument that seriously ill patients should be able to medicate themselves without governmental intrusion. There are signs that even the DEA has softened its approach, for a "Can
nabis Buyers Club" in San Francisco, which has been illegally selling marijuana to people who suffer from severe afflictions, has been ignored by the DEA for at least eight months.}{\fs20\super 117 }{\fs20 
One DEA agent admitted that marijuana was a low priority when the agency is overwhelmed with cases involving more "dangerous" drugs, such as heroin and crack.}{\fs20\super 118 }{\fs20 
While these examples do note ensure the passage of an act rescheduling marijuana, they do suggest that the political tide may be turning towards acceptance of marijuana as medicine.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\li2936\sl-459\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2936\tx3191\adjustright {\i\fs20 C.\tab Re-education of the Public
\par }\pard\plain \sl-459\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2936\tx3191\adjustright {\i\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s74\fi714\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
Before any Congressional action can take place and before marijuana can be approved through a NDA, a re-education of the public on a national level about the medical uses of marijuana must occur. This educatio
n will serve to divorce marijuana from the political symbolism and rhetoric that has surrounded the }{\i\fs20 recreational }{\i\f6\fs20 use }{\fs20 of marijuana for the last century and will help focus the debate on the
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx714\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s80\sl-249\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 114 Michael Spector & James R. Dickenson, }{\i\f6\fs20 Politicians Line Up to Admit or Deny Past Marijuana Use, }{\fs20 WASH.POST., Nov. 8,1987, at Al.
\par }\pard\plain \s77\sl-198\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 '}{\fs20\super 15 }{\fs20 Jim Abrams, }{\i\fs20 Gingrich Fires at Clinton }{\f1\fs8 -. }{\i\fs20 He Alleges White House Staff Used Drugs, }{\fs20 DETROIT FREE
\par }\pard\plain \sl-198\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 PRESS, Dec. 5, 1994, at SA.
\par }\pard\plain \s77\sl-198\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20\super 116}{\fs20 Newt Gingrich, }{\i\fs20 Letter to the Editor: Legal Status of Marijuana, }{\fs20 247 J. AM. MED. ASS'N 1525, 1563
\par }\pard\plain \sl-198\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 (1982). Gingrich's allegations that a quarter of the White House staff uses drugs and are part of the
\par "counterculture" may prove that Gingrich has changed his mind regarding medical marijuana. Abrams,
\par }{\i\f1\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 115.
\par }{\fs20\super 117}{\fs20 McClatchy, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 112.
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 118
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\qc\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 19
\par \page }{\b\f1\fs28 \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s81\fi-396\li396\nowidctlpar\tx396\adjustright {\b\f1\fs28 w.\tab ~
\par }\pard\plain \s38\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 Student ID# 304 0376 20 57
\par Food & Drug Law Final
\par Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s57\li2205\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\i\fs20 medical use }{\f6\fs20 of the drug. Many agencies and governmental institutions could be involved in this effort as }{\fs20 
well as some non-profit organizations, succ as those that focus on AIDS and cancer. Traditional media, such as newspapers, magazines and television, could be used.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s82\fi692\li2205\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 This re-education about the therapeutic uses of marijuana should seek to dispel the myth that rescheduling marijuana will lead to the demise of American society by 
}{\i\fs20 "Reefer Madness." }{\fs20 One way to do this is to focus on the fact that marijuana would only be available }{\i\f6\fs20 by }{\i\fs20 prescription, }{\fs20 just like many other dangerous drugs, and would still be subject t
o strict regulation. The American public must be informed that so called "harder" drugs, such as cocaine, are actually Schedule II drugs which may be prescribed for medical use (some eye surgeons do prescribe cocaine).'}{\fs20\super 19 }{\fs20 
Likewise, morphine and its synthetic substitute methadone, both highly addictive drugs, are classified under Schedule H are used by physicians for pain management and to treat heroin addiction. 120
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s82\fi692\li2205\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 In addition, people must become aware of the relatively insignificant risk to seriously ill
 patients who wish to smoke marijuana for medical purposes. Patients suffering from AIDS, terminal cancer and other severe illnesses are in constant pain. What is the risk of smoking marijuana to someone who is already facing the certainty of death? Moreo
v
er, of the thousands of years that marijuana has been used, no one has ever been known to have died from the drug. In comparison, in 1990, aspirin was cited as at least one of the possible causes of 111 drug deaths in America. 121 Medical examiners labele
d aspirin as the sole cause of death for 18 of those people. 122
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s83\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 V. Conclusion
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s82\fi692\li2205\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 In short, the success of making m
arijuana a Schedule H substance and thus increasing its therapeutic use as well as making research easier to perform, depends primarily on increasing education. The strange legal history of medical marijuana in this country is inextricably linked with pol
itics. Doctors, }{\f6\fs20 government officials, parents, and ordinary citizens will only be persuaded that marijuana has medicinal }{\fs20 value when the issue of medical marijuana is considered completely separately from its recreational use in
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx2205\tx2897\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s84\li2205\nowidctlpar\tx2205\adjustright {\fs20\super 119}{\fs20 Klein, }{\i\f1\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 84.
\par }{\i\fs20 '}{\i\fs20\super 20}{\i\fs20 D1JKE & }{\fs20 GROSS, }{\i\fs20 supra }{\fs20 note 22, at 55, 293.
\par }\pard\plain \s85\li2715\nowidctlpar\tx2715\adjustright {\fs20 at 182.
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx2715\adjustright {\fs20 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s39\qc\nowidctlpar\tx2715\adjustright {\f6\fs20 20
\par }{\fs20 \page \sect }\sectd \sbknone\linex0\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Student IID# 304 0376 20 57
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s43\sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Food & Drug Law Final
\par }\pard\plain \sl-170\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s46\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 Prof. Hutt
\par }\pard\plain \nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s66\sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 an some sort of an open forum. Thus, medical marijuana will only become a reality for the gravely ill when the American public decides it is time.
\par }\pard\plain \sl-464\slmult0\nowidctlpar\tx204\adjustright {\f6\fs20 
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