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\par 
\par 
\par Moo-nshine: Resistance to FDA Regulation of Raw Milk 
\par Alex Sundstrom
\par J.D. Class of 2005
\par April 2005}{\b0\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \s35\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b0\insrsid1056150 
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\par }\pard \s35\qr \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b0\insrsid1056150 Submitted in satisfaction of the course requirement.}{\insrsid1056150 \page 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1056150 Abstract:  \tab 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\insrsid1056150 \tab }{\insrsid1056150 Although drinking unpasteurized or \'93raw\'94 milk can cause bacterial infe
ction, raw milk enjoys a passionate following among consumers and farmers.  This paper explores FDA regulation of raw milk and focuses on the legal strategies used to fight its regulation such as labeling the milk as pet food.   Effects of these strategie
s on state regulation are also considered, as are their policy implications.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 I.  \tab Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 \tab People will break the law to get it.  They\rquote ll eat their pets\rquote 
 food to taste it.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{
\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See infra}{\insrsid1056150  at Part III.A }}}{\insrsid1056150   They\rquote ll manage a farm to get their hands on it}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs34\insrsid1056150 Katy McLaughlin.}{\cs20\b\insrsid1056150  }{
\cs20\insrsid1056150 \'93Got Raw Milk? Not Unless You Own Your Own Cow; Farmers Offer Bovine Stakes To Bypass Health Rule; Wisconsin Sours on Plan.\'94}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  Wall Street Journal: Sep 11, 2003. pg. A1. (describing consumers w
ho became shareholders of a farm and participated in management solely for raw milk access).}}}{\insrsid1056150 .  One enthusiastic lawbreaker has likened it to drinking \'93melted French vanilla ice cream\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
.  The federal government has been encouraging states to require the pasteurization of milk for more than 80 years,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (2003 Revision).  Introductory Materials.  }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ear/pmo03.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150  but consumers not only still drink raw milk, they will pay up to twelve times as much for the sweet contraband as for pasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 McLaughlin at A1 (unpasteurized milk fetched up to $12 a gallon at a time when pasteurized milk prices were $.94).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab This Paper explores FDA regulation of unpasteurized or \'93raw\'94
 milk, the strategies employed to defeat it, and the implications of those strategies for the FDA and state regulators.  Part II provid
es a brief overview of state and federal milk law and the health issues involved with raw milk.  Part III explores the range of techniques currently and recently used to avoid FDA and state pasteurization requirements, and focuses on the most effective of
 these, the sale of raw milk as pet food.  Part IV considers the policy implications of the avoidance tactics and tentatively recommends FDA inaction.  Part V concludes.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 II.\tab  Background
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 \tab FDA regulation of raw milk has emerged slowly and fitfully.  In 1924
, the FDA developed a model code for states to use in regulating milk, then called the Standard Milk Ordinance (now the \'93Pasteurized Milk Ordinance\'94 or \'93PMO\'94), which bans raw milk and its products from being sold to consumers.}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93
List of Previous Editions of PHS/FDA Milk Ordinance.\'94 Grade \'93A\'94 Pasteurized Milk Ordinance 2001 Revision (May 15,2002) }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ear/pmo01.html" }{
\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006600730061006e002e006600640061002e0067006f0076002f007e006500610072002f0070006d006f00300031002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b
5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0063006600730061006e002e006600640061002e0067006f0076002f007e006500610072002f0070006d006f00300031002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ear/pmo01.html}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005); Grade \'93A\'94 Pasteurized Milk Ordinance 2003 Revision Section 9.  (\'93From and after twelve (12) months from the date on which this }{\i\insrsid1056150 Ordinance}{\insrsid1056150 
 is adopted, only Grade \'93A\'94 pasteurized, ultra-pasteurized, or aseptically processed milk and milk products shall be sold to the final consumer, to restaurants, soda fountains, grocery stores or similar establishments.\'94)}}}{\insrsid1056150     

\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The FDA took no action m
ore stringent than providing this model pasteurization code to states for nearly 50 years.  In 1973, the agency issued a regulation requiring pasteurization of all milk traveling in interstate commerce,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  38 Fed.Reg. 27924 (1973).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 but modified that regulation to exempt \'93certified\'94 raw milk a year later.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 39 Fed. Reg. 42351 (1974).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  In the wake of findings that certified raw milk presented significant disease risk from bacteria such as Campylobacter and Salmonella, the FDA began to reconsider its position in the early 1980s.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 Public Citizen v. Heckler, 602 F. Supp. 611, 612 (D.D.C. 1985).}}}{\insrsid1056150  
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Developments in state law have moved in tandem with the FDA\rquote 
s gradual shift toward regulation.  Thirty states permitted raw milk sales to consumers in 1985, and only 22 states do today.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See }{\insrsid1056150 
602 F.Supp. at 612 (from 1974 to 1982, many states banned raw milk, bringing the total to 20 by 1985; as the
 compilation of state laws at http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-1.html demonstrates, 28 states currently ban raw milk sales (last visited April 24, 2005).  Movement continues on the legislative front, with Virginia banning sales of raw milk cheese and but
ter in January.  Marguerite Higgins.  \'93State Bans Unpasteurized Milk Products.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 Washington Times }{\insrsid1056150 January 26, 2005.  }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150 
 HYPERLINK "http://washingtontimes.com/business/20050125-092924-9352r.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003e00000068007400740070003a002f002f00770061007300680069006e00670074006f006e00740069006d00650073002e0063006f006d002f0062007500730069006e006500730073002f00320030003000350030003100320035002d003000390032003900
320034002d00390033003500320072002e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f00770061007300680069006e00670074006f006e00740069006d00650073002e0063006f006d002f0062007500730069006e006500730073002f00320030003000350030
003100320035002d003000390032003900320034002d00390033003500320072002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://washingtontimes.com/business/20050125-092924-9352r.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{
\insrsid1056150   Several states have adopted the PMO without varying from or modifying its provisions banning raw milk sales.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 See, e.g. Alabama Administrative Code 420-3-16; 11 Hawaii Administrative Rules 15:46; 15 Indiana Code 2.1:23-8.; 5 Iowa Statutes 192.103; 32 Montana Administrative Rules 8.102; 4 North Dakota Statutes 4-30-36.4; Tennessee Rules and Regulations 80-3-2.}}}
{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 California, where most raw milk has historically been produced,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150   602 F.Supp. 611, }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150 
 at note 9. }}}{\insrsid1056150  has maintained its own standards for raw milk production since its \'93Milk and Milk Products Act of 1947.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s29\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx916\tx1832\tx2748\tx3664\tx4580\tx5496\tx6412\tx7328\tx8244\tx9160\tx10076\tx10992\tx11908\tx12824\tx13740\tx14656\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af2\hich\af2\dbch\af2\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\f0\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\f0\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0  }{\i\f0\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 See }{\f0\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 \hich\f0 California Food and Agriculture Code Division 15 \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Milk and Milk Products Act of 1947.\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0   Sections 35787 (dividing \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 market milk\'94\loch\f0  into acceptable grades); 35891(listing req\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 uirements for Grade A milk); }{
\i\f0\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 see also}{\f0\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0  32903 (requiring tuberculin tests for cows used in raw milk production).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  The Milk and Milk Products Act creates three types of classifications for raw milk: certified, guaranteed and Grade A raw milk.  Guaranteed raw milk has the strictest requirements \endash 
 monthly inspection for all cows and goats, produced using containers with a pouring lip protected from contamination, and containing no more than 10,0
00 bacteria per milliliter, and sold within 30 hours of production.  The more lenient Grade A standards, which drop the pouring lip and sale within 30 hours requirements and increase the acceptable bacteria count to 15,000 per milliliter.  Certified raw m
ilk depends upon nonexistent county milk commissions to set standards.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 No guaranteed or certified milk is available in California today}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93What\rquote s happening with Real Milk?\'94 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.realmilk.com/happening.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002700000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f00680061007000700065006e0069006e0067002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4e000000
68007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f00680061007000700065006e0069006e0067002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.realmilk.com/happening.html}}}{
\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005); \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company \endash  Nutrition\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.organicpastures.com/nutrition/" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006e007500740072006900740069006f006e002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004b
a90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006e007500740072006900740069006f006e002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 
http://www.organicpastures.com/nutrition/}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005) (listing Grade A milk as the only kind available).  }}}{\insrsid1056150 , but even California\rquote s least restrictive standard is better than most \endash 
 only two other states formally require bacteria counts of raw milk be taken.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 22 Connecticut Statutes 133-113 permits a bacteria count of 30,000 per milliliter, and 15 Washington Revised Code 36.012 permits only 20,000 per milliliter.   Both of these statutes regulate the number of coliform bacteria that may be present in milk,
 however, unlike California.  }}}{\insrsid1056150  
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
In 1986, the nonprofit organization Public Citizen successfully sued to force FDA to enact a regulation barring the sale in interstate commerce of all unpasteurized milk, on the grounds that it had unreasonably delayed in do
ing so after comments received during a Department of Health and Human Services hearing showed milk to be significantly safer when pasteurized than when left unpasteurized.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Public Citizen v. Heckler, 602 F. Supp. 611\~
(D.D.C. 1985) (ordering FDA to issue proposed rule reflecting action on Public Citizen\rquote s petition to regulate raw milk);  Public Citizen v. Heckler, 653 F. Supp. 1229 (D.D.C. 1986
) (ordering FDA to promulgate regulations banning interstate sales of raw milk, but not intrastate sales).}}}{\insrsid1056150   The Secretary of HHS had refused to enact an interstate ban on the grounds that i
nterstate sale of raw milk was a minor problem, but the court in }{\i\insrsid1056150 Public Citizen v. Heckler}{\insrsid1056150 
 held that this was not an acceptable reason for failing to regulate; the risk to an individual consuming milk produced in another state could be high, and that indiv
idual would have no recourse to the state legislature under whose watch the milk was produced.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  653 F.Supp. at 1240-1241.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 In the 29 years since }{\i\insrsid1056150 Public Citizen v. Heckler}{
\insrsid1056150 , bacteria in raw milk have continued to cause health problems.  There have been many recent disease outbreaks as
sociated with raw milk.  In 2002 and 2003, for example, 62 individuals, mostly children, contracted Salmonella as a result of inadequate hygiene at a dairy.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Centers for Disease Control.  \'93Multistate Outbreak of }{
\i\insrsid1056150 Salmonella }{\insrsid1056150 Serotype Tymphimurium Infections Associated with Drinking Unpasteurized Milk \endash  Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, 2002-2003.\'94
 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(26) p. 613-615 (July 4, 2003). }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a3.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f006d006d00350032003200360061003300
2e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f006d006d003500320032003600610033
002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a3.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  A 2001 Wisconsin dairy selling raw milk caused Campylobacter infection in 75 customers.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Centers for Disease Control.  \'93Outbreak of }{\i\insrsid1056150 Campylobacter jejuni }{\insrsid1056150 
Infections Associated with Drinking Unpasteurized Milk Procured through a Cow-Leasing Program \endash  Wisconsin 2001.\'94 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(25) p. 548-49 (June 28, 2002). }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a3.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f006d006d00350032003200360061003300
2e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f006d006d003500320032003600610033
002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a3.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   Between
 1972 and 2000, the CDC is aware of 58 outbreaks associated with raw milk, only 29% of which were caused by a strain of the Salmonella bacterium.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Centers for Disease Control.  \'93Multistate Outbreak of }{
\i\insrsid1056150 Salmonella }{\insrsid1056150 Serotype Tymphimurium Infections Associated with Drinking Unpasteurized Milk \endash  Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, 2002-2003.\'94
 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(26) p. 613-615 (July 4, 2003). }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a3.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f006d006d00350032003200360061003300
2e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f006d006d003500320032003600610033
002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a3.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 Despite California\rquote 
s independent regulatory standards, its raw milk presents significant health risks.  Alta-Dena Certified Dairy, in 1992 the supplier of 90% of California\rquote s raw milk, was found in }{\i\insrsid1056150 Consumers Union v. Alta-Dena Certified Dairy}{
\insrsid1056150  to have caused \'93numerous\'94 illnesses via raw milk, including the Salmonella-induced heart aneurysm of a woman who drank Alta-Dena\rquote s product.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\fs20\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\cs20\fs20\insrsid1056150 
 Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. v. Alta-Dena Certified Dairy}{\b\fs20\insrsid1056150 , }{\cs28\fs20\insrsid1056150 4 Cal.App.4th 963, 6 Cal.Rptr.2d 193}{\fs20\insrsid1056150 , 195}{\cs28\fs20\insrsid1056150  (1}{\cs28\fs20\super\insrsid1056150 st}{
\cs28\fs20\insrsid1056150  Dist.1992).}}}{\insrsid1056150   The milk of cows infected with Salmonella dublin can contain that pathogen regardless of the health measures taken by the dairy company; even Alta Dena\rquote 
s own experts testified that its milk was more dangerous than pasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id. at 197.}}}{\insrsid1056150   As
 a result of these facts, the court enjoined Alta-Dena from continuing to make false and misleading claims about the safety and health benefits of raw milk and required it to place a warning label on its raw milk products.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 Id.  The court-ordered warning label stated:
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 
Warning: This Milk May Contain Dangerous Bacteria. Those Facing the Highest Risk of Disease or Death Include Babies, Pregnant Women, the Elderly, Alcoholics, Those With Cancer, \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 
AIDS or Reduced Immunity and Those Taking Cortisone, Antibiotics or Antacids. Questions Regarding the Use of Raw Certified Milk Should Be Directed to Your Physician.}}}{\insrsid1056150   Alta Dena no longer sells raw milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Alta Dena Milk Products\'94 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 at}{\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.altadenadairy.com/addProductsMilkCream.asp" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006c0074006100640065006e006100640061006900720079002e0063006f006d002f00610064006400500072006f00640075006300740073004d0069006c006b0043007200650061006d00
2e006100730070000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006c0074006100640065006e006100640061006900720079002e0063006f006d002f00610064006400500072006f00640075006300740073004d0069006c006b0043007200650061006d
002e006100730070000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.altadenadairy.com/addProductsMilkCream.asp}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005) (list does not include raw milk).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The Centers for Disease Control estimated in 1984 that drinking raw milk instead of pasteurized milk in California increased one\rquote 
s risk of contracting Salmonella dublin from that milk by a multiple of 158.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Centers for Disease Control.  \'93Salmonella Dublin and Raw Milk Consumption \endash  California.\'94 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Repo
rt 33(14) p. 196-198 (April 13, 1984). }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000318.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f0030003000300030003000330031003800
2e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f00300030003000300030003300310038
002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000318.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   One\rquote s odds in 1983 of contracting that par
ticular strain from drinking raw milk were about 1 in 2,000 if one drank a pint of raw milk every day, compared to 1 in 300,000 for a daily pint of pasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150   
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Technology has improved since 1992, however; a batch of raw milk can now be tested for 
the presence of Salmonella, the bacterium identified as the primary health concern in }{\i\insrsid1056150 Consumers Union, }{\insrsid1056150 in just 24 hours.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\fs20\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1056150  Malorny B, Paccassoni E, Fach P, Bunge C
, Martin A, Helmuth R.  \'93}{\fs20\insrsid1056150 Diagnostic real-time PCR for detection of Salmonella in food.\'94 }{\fs20\insrsid1056150 
Applied Environmental  Microbiology. 70(12) (December 2004):7046-52. (describing a completely accurate polymerase chain reaction test by which food including raw milk can be tested for all Salmonella strains in 24 hours).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  Organic Pastures Dairy}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{
\insrsid1056150  Organic Pastures Dairy is  by no means the largest dairy in the world, as the Consumers Union court suggested Alta-Dena to be, but it is large enough to have claimed 1-877-RAW-MILK as its telephone number.  Id.; \'93
Organic Pastures Dairy Company\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.organicpastures.com" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000001f00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4000000068007400740070003a002f002f007700
770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 touts bacteria counts from the raw milk it sells as being beneath 15,000 per milliliter, the same standard that Alta Dena had to meet.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See }{\insrsid1056150 
Organic Pastures Dairy Company Lab Tests }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.organicpastures.com/labtests/" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006c0061006200740065007300740073002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b
5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006c0061006200740065007300740073002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com/labtests/}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (touting scores beneath the California Department of Food and Agriculture raw milk standards of 15,000 bacteria per mL) (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  Organic Pastures Dairy also claims to test regularly for Listeria, E.Coli, and Salmonella, however,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company \endash  FAQ\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com/faq/}}}{
\insrsid1056150  which could drive down risk beneath the levels identified by the Centers for Disease Control.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Raw milk offers no demonstrable health benefits to offset the risks it creates.  The }{\i\insrsid1056150 Consumers Union }{
\insrsid1056150 court found after an extensive trial that Alta-Dena Dairy\rquote s claims that raw milk contained more calcium and other vitamins were false.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  4}{\super\insrsid1056150  }{\insrsid1056150 Cal. App. 4}{
\super\insrsid1056150 th}{\insrsid1056150  at 970.}}}{\insrsid1056150   When the FDA banned raw milk from interstate commerce after many years of inquiry in 1987, it concluded that \'93
[t]he theoretical benefits of raw milk have never withstood scientific scrutiny.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Final Rule.  \'93Milk, Lowfat Milk, and Skim Milk, Pasteurization Requirements for Fluid Milk Products for Consumer Use.\'94
 52 Federal Register 29509 (August 10, 1987).}}}{\insrsid1056150   Nothing has emerged since to seriously challenge that conclusion: of 960 articles in medical journals on raw mil
k published since 1950, none show raw milk to offer any health benefit over pasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Based on a search for \'93raw milk\'94 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004300000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006300620069002e006e006c006d002e006e00690068002e0067006f0076002f0065006e007400720065007a002f00710075006500720079002e0066006300670069003f0043004d004400
3d007300650061007200630068002600440042003d007000750062006d00650064000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006e006300620069002e006e006c006d002e006e00690068002e0067006f0076002f0065006e007400720065007a002f0071
0075006500720079002e0066006300670069003f0043004d0044003d007300650061007200630068002600440042003d007000750062006d00650064000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed}}}{\insrsid1056150 
.  The closest any study comes to showing raw milk to be better than pasteurized milk was a study conducte
d in Turkey that found that some strains of Listeria were more common in Turkish pasteurized milk than Turkish raw milk, although the pasteurized milk was less likely to contain Listeria overall.  Ahrabi SS, Erguven S, Gunalp A. \'93
Detection of Listeria in raw and pasteurized milk.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 Central European Journal of Public Health}{\insrsid1056150 
. 6(3), August 1998, p. 254-5.  Potential inadequacy of Turkish pasteurization processes does not have much relevance for milk policy in the U.S., however.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 Raw milk\rquote 
s largest benefit is aesthetic: many consumers prefer its taste to that of pasteurized milk.  The court in }{\i\insrsid1056150 Public Citizen v. Heckler}{\insrsid1056150  noted that raw milk
 proponents testified that it tasted better than pasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  653 F. Supp. 1229, 1234 (D.D.C. 1986)}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  A study of Irish farmers exploring reasons why they continued to drink raw milk despite health risks found that they felt raw milk to be higher quality than pasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 The farmers also drank raw milk out of tradition.  Hegarty H, O'Sullivan MB, Buckley J, Foley-Nolan C. \'93Continued raw milk consumption on farms: why?\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 Communicable Disease and Public Health}{\insrsid1056150 
. 5(2) (June 2002) 151-6.}}}{\insrsid1056150   California consumers of raw milk also report that they prefer its taste.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Headrick ML, Badgaleh T, Klontz KC, Werner SB. \'93
Profile of raw milk consumers in California.\'94 Public Health Reports 112:418 (1997).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Another appeal of raw milk to consumers may be its association with organic food.  Farms that sell raw milk also promote \'93
grass fed beef,\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{
\insrsid1056150  \'93Peaceful Pastures \endash  Beef\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://peacefulpastures.com/eggs.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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740070003a002f002f0070006500610063006500660075006c00700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f0065006700670073002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://peacefulpastures.com/beef.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 (last visited April 24, 2005).  Peaceful Pastures sells raw milk as pet food to circumvent FDA restrictions; }{\i\insrsid1056150 see infra }{\insrsid1056150 Part}{\i\insrsid1056150  }{\insrsid1056150 III.A. }}}{\insrsid1056150  eggs from \'93
free ranging, pastured hens,\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Peaceful Pastures \endash  Eggs\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://peacefulpastures.com/eggs.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002500000068007400740070003a002f002f0070006500610063006500660075006c00700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f0065006700670073002e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4a00000068007400
740070003a002f002f0070006500610063006500660075006c00700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f0065006700670073002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://peacefulpastures.com/eggs.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150  field questions about whether their milk is organic,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Claravale Farm.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://claravalefarm.com/FAQ.htm" }{
\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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2f0063006c00610072006100760061006c0065006600610072006d002e0063006f006d002f004600410051002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://claravalefarm.com/FAQ.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005)}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 and, in the case of Organic Pastures Dairy, choose a name that capitalizes on the positive image of organic food.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.organicpastures.com" }{
\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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6e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 www.organicpastures.com}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150    A video on Organic Pastures Dairy\rquote 
s website touts their raw milk and other foods as \'93a new probiotic, biodiverse, healthier way of eating and living for you and your family\'94.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id. at \'93New OPDC Video \endash  Click Here!\'94 }}}{
\insrsid1056150   Claravale Farms\rquote  raw milk is sold in California at the organic grocery chain Whole Foods.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Claravale Farm.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at}{\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150 
 HYPERLINK "http://claravalefarm.com/location.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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7400740070003a002f002f0063006c00610072006100760061006c0065006600610072006d002e0063006f006d002f006c006f0063006100740069006f006e002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://claravalefarm.com/location.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   Tapping into a subculture whose members trust \'93natural\'94 food more than processed food is a useful technique for marketing raw milk.
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
Raw milk producers and consumers have not sat idly by while the FDA and state governments banned their beverage, and have developed several strategies for fighting regulation.  Part III takes up these strategies.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 III.  \tab 
Legal Strategies for Circumventing Raw Milk Laws
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 A.   \tab Selling Raw Milk as Pet Food
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }{\b\insrsid1056150 1.\tab Overview of Strategy
\par }{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 One creative and ultimately successful attempt to circumvent the FDA ban on interstate shipment is to classify and market raw milk
 and milk products as pet food.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn }{\insrsid1056150  See \'93Peaceful Pastures Dairy Products.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at}{\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://peacefulpastures.com/petfood/dairy.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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ce118c8200aa004ba90b5c00000068007400740070003a002f002f0070006500610063006500660075006c00700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f0070006500740066006f006f0064002f00640061006900720079002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 
http://peacefulpastures.com/petfood/dairy.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005)}}}{\insrsid1056150   Peaceful Pets, a farm in bucolic Hickman, Tennessee, sell raw milk, cream, butter and cheese on their website:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri720\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The dairy products are from grass fed dairy animals here at Peaceful Pets. We use milk, milk products and milk 
by products [sic] as a regular part of our animals\rquote 
 raw diet. The dairy products are obviously useful in rearing baby animals especially those who are orphaned, but they can also play a key role in returning sick or convalescing animals to better health.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li720\ri720\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 [
Peaceful Pets dairy products are offered and intended solely for animal consumption [sic] These products are not approved, inspected, regulated or legal for human consumption. Due to significant legal and liability issues, we cannot and will not answer qu
estions regarding human consumption of these or any other raw milk products-please don\rquote t ask.]
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
It seems unlikely that many pet owners would bother going to the relatively high expense \endash  $63 to send 5 pounds of Peaceful Pets\rquote  milk and cheese to Boston, for example}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150  \endash 
 of obtaining unpasteurized dairy products for their pets.  The bacteria in raw milk are unsafe for animals as well as for humans, and veterinarians therefore caution against serving unpasteurized food to pets.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Feeding Pets in the 90s\'94 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.akcchf.org/research/articles/whitepapers/feedpets90s.pdf" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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720073002f00660065006500640070006500740073003900300073002e007000640066000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b8800000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0061006b0063006300680066002e006f00720067002f00720065007300650061007200630068002f0061007200740069
0063006c00650073002f00770068006900740065007000610070006500720073002f00660065006500640070006500740073003900300073002e007000640066000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.akcchf.org/research/articles/whitepapers/feedpets90s.pdf}}}{
\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   One imagines the statement that \'93[t]hese products are not approved, inspected, regulated or legal for human consumption\'94 being made with a wink and a nod, since the adjective \'93
safe\'94 is omitted.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Peaceful Pets may well intend their raw milk products to be consumed only by pets.  The non-dair
y products sold are mostly meat intended for human consumption, and while consumers who eat grain-fed lamb may be the same consumers who drink raw milk, they might also by the type of consumers who feed raw milk to their pets.  But the farmers have clearl
y thought a lot about what food pets should be eating,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  As one page on the site notes, \'93Pet Lovers are in a different group than pet owners; we want what is truly best for our kind companions. Comm
itment, proper veterinary care, and the best food that is truly what nature intended.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 What we feed our pets and why.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 We feed our animals a BARF diet of raw meat, raw eggs and raw dairy (milk, yogurt and cheese). We do not supplement with any grains or vegetables.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
This does go against some of the mainstream BARF thinking, but our reasoning is this: we have never seen any of our dogs go dig up a turnip and eat it. The diet of wild dogs would include vegetables and dairy ONLY as undigested stomach contents of 
the animals hunted. The chicken gizzards we sell and feed contain undigested grass and some grains.\'94  
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://peacefulpastures.com/petfood/our-pets.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6200000068007400740070003a002f002f0070006500610063006500660075006c00700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f0070006500740066006f006f0064002f006f00750072002d0070006500740073002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://peacefulpastures.com/petfood/our-pets.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 and the Peaceful Pets logo prominently features a dog and cat chowing down.  The president of Tennesseans for Raw Milk has asserted, in reference to the Peaceful Pets products, that \'93[t]here's nothing illegal about eating your pet's food,\'94
 but the owners only express regret that they cannot sell raw milk for human consumption.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Mitchell Kline.  \'93Advocates of raw milk form dairy underground.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 The Tennessean}{\insrsid1056150  Dec. 28, 2004 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.tennessean.com/local/archives/04/12/63400735.shtml" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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00300034002f00310032002f00360033003400300030003700330035002e007300680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.tennessean.com/local/archives/04/12/63400735.shtml}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{
\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 At least two other companies will ship raw milk for pet consumption across state lines. Golden Fleece Dairy touts its low-temperature 
\'93VAT pasteurization method\'94 for the milk it sells for human consumption, but also sells raw milk \'93for pet food only \endash  not for human consumption.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Golden Fleece Dairy\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.goldenfleece.net/dairy.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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Golden Fleece Products\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at}{\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.goldenfleece.net/products.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0067006f006c00640065006e0066006c0065006500630065002e006e00650074002f00700072006f00640075006300740073002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.goldenfleece.net/products.htm}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   Organic Pastures Dairy will ship raw milk to California for human consumption, but ships that same product out of state \'93labeled and intended\'94 for use as pet food.}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93
Organic Pastures Dairy Company \endash  Order Now!\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com/ordernow/ (\'93
In compliance with FDA regulations and CFR 1240.61, OPDC does not take orders or ship any raw dairy products for "hum
an consumption" outside of the State of California. All out of state product sales are labeled and intended for "pet food" consumption only.\'94)}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Of these three raw milk producers, two might well intend their milk to be consumed only by pets.  Organic Pastures\rquote 
 strategy of selling the same raw milk within California as around the country, with the sole difference that milk sold out of state is labeled for pet purposes only, is more enticing.  The prospective out-of-state consumer who intends to drink the \'93
pet food\'94 milk herself knows that she is getting milk that meets California\rquote s raw mi
lk standards, and knows further that Organic Pastures may face liability or some regulatory response if it produces unsafe milk.  It is thus particularly effective.}{\cs22\i\fs20\loch\af2\hich\af2\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af2\dbch\af2\loch\f2  }{
\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1056150 2.  \tab FDA Regulation of the Pet Food Strategy
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab Marketing raw milk as pet food skirts FDA restrictions on interstate raw milk sales.   The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines 
\'93food\'94 as \'93articles used for food or drink for man or other animals,\'94 extending FDA\rquote s authority to cover pet foods.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.  21 U.S. Code 501, Sec. 201}}}
{\insrsid1056150   FDA regulation of animal feed imposes no pasteurization requirements}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See }{\insrsid1056150 21 C.F.R \'a7\'a7500-599.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
, however.   The regulation requiring the pasteurization of milk and milk products in interstate commerce is entitled \'93}{\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 
Mandatory pasteurization for all milk and milk products in final package form intended for direct human consumpt\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ion.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs20\insrsid1056150 21 CFR \'a7 1240.61. 
 This regulation implements the Public Health Service Act, which authorizes such regulations as are necessary to \'93prevent the introduction, transmission or spread of communicable diseases.\'94  42 U.S.C. \'a7 264(a).  }{\cs20\i\insrsid1056150 See also}
{\insrsid1056150  21 C.F.R. 131.110 (}{\cs20\i\insrsid1056150  }{\insrsid1056150 \'93}{\cs19\insrsid1056150 Milk that is in final package form for beverage use shall have been pasteurized or ultrapasteurized\'94)}{\cs20\insrsid1056150 .}}}{
\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0   The text of this regulation, 21 C.F.R. 1240.61, requires pasteurization of milk and its products }{\insrsid1056150 \'93delivered into interstate commerce \'85
 in final package form for direct human consumption.\'94 The regulation is on its face inapplicable to pet food.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab T
he notices of the pasteurization regulations printed in the Federal Register further demonstrate that FDA did not intend to regulate animal consumption of raw milk.  The Federal Register notice announces \'93
Requirements Affecting Raw Milk for Human Consumption in Interstate Commerce\'94 and \'93Requirement for Fluid Milk Products for Consumer Use.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  52 Federal Register 29509 (August 10, 1987).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  The text of the notice refers to milk products \'93sold for human consumption.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab Selling milk products intended for pets (even those which might be, unbeknownst to the 
seller, used by humans) cannot be challenged under these regulations, and thus the practices of Golden Fleece and Peaceful Pets are legal.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See supra }{\insrsid1056150 
at notes 47 and 49 and accompanying text for descriptions of these practices.  }}}{\insrsid1056150  
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Organic Pastures Dairy\rquote s obviously insincere approach is not so clearly legal, however.  Organic Pastures Dairy sel
ls its milk in the same form both in-state and out-of-state; the out-of state version contains the same nutritional information (and attendant strong implication that it is safe for humans) and only differs in the hastily stuck-on \'93for pets consumption
\'94 label.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{
\insrsid1056150  April Streeter.  \'93Organic Pastures butters up Oregon.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 Sustainable Industries Journal Northwest}{\insrsid1056150 
 March 1, 2005 (reporting that Organic Pastures was able to sell its products in Oregon after applying a \'93for pet consumption only\'94 sticker to raw milk jugs.)   }{\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.sijournal.com/foodandfarms/1347327.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.sijournal.com/foodandfarms/1347327.html}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150  The best argument for the illegality of Organic Pastures Dairy\rquote 
s approach is that their raw milk is actually intended for human consumption, despite labeling to the contrary.  While this may be true, it would require a huge commitment of FDA resour
ces to ascertain the intent of every distributor of raw milk as pet food.  FDA will probably not be able to rely on state determinations of \'93intent\'94 to defeat practices of those like Organic Pastures Dairy: Oregon\rquote 
s Department of Agriculture was satisfied with Organic Pastures Dairy\rquote s \'93intent\'94 after the dairy put a label on their milk that stated \'93for pet consumption.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  An FDA challenge might also be ineffective because it would serve as a signal to consumers that a disclaimer that raw milk is only for pet
 use is a mere fig leaf that does not reflect the actual intended use of the product.  Such a challenge could embolden consumers to drink raw milk despite a \'93for pets only\'94 label.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Because the FDA cannot plausibly argue that their milk pasteurization regulations apply to pet food}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 The only possible argument on this point is that, because Organic Pastures\rquote  products are sold for human consumption in California, and }{\i\insrsid1056150 in that same form}{\insrsid1056150 
 elsewhere, they are required to be pasteurized under 21 C.F.R. 1240.61.  The argument would assert that FDA did not consider a situation in which raw milk was packaged for human use, but also sold in t
hat same package form for animal use, and thus failed to exclude that situation from the regulation\rquote s text.   The argument is quite weak, however.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The regulation mandates pasteurization for \'93any milk or milk product in final package form for direct human consumption.\'94
  An FDA argument that Organic Pastures\rquote  behavior was covered by the statute would read the phrase \'93for direct human consumption\'94 to clarify what counts as \'93final package form.\'94
 A milk product is regulated if that product is in its final packag
e form.  How does one know when a product reaches final package form?  One knows because the product is in the form where a consumer will drink it (a human will consume it).  The milk will not have to be piped into bottles or cartons.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The better interpretation of the language reads the phrase \'93final package form for direct human consumption\'94
 to create two conditions for milk to fall under the regulation: milk must (1) be in final package form, but it must (2) also be intended for human consumption.  If it\rquote s in final package form for pet food, then the regulation doesn\rquote 
t apply.  This interpretation is consistent with the announced intent of the FDA to regulate only the human consumption of raw milk.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The language in the other pasteurization provision of the C.
F.R. announced the same day could provide some support to the first, weaker interpretation.  Final Rule.  \'93Milk, Lowfat Milk, and Skim Milk, Pasteurization Requirements for Fluid Milk Products for Consumer Use.\'94
 52 Federal Register 29509 (August 10, 1987).  That rule mandates pasteurization for \'93[m]ilk that is in final package form for beverage use.\'94  21 C.F.R. 131.110.   This suggests that the text of 21 C.F.R. 1240.61, which covers both milk }{
\i\insrsid1056150 and milk products }{\insrsid1056150 had to vary from this language because cheese is not sold in beverage form.
\par The Federal Register notice announcing the final rule codified in 21 C.F.R. 1240.61 states that pasteurization is not required where raw milk is sent across state lines to be pasteurized.   52 Federal Register 29509 (August 10
, 1987).  This could suggest that the \'93for direct human consumption\'94 language is not inserted to distinguish it from milk \'93for animal consumption,\'94
 but to identify the state in which raw milk is shipped to processing plants for pasteurization.  The word \'93direct\'94 is also meaningless if the clause is read to permit consumption by animals.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
Under this view the regulation would still not apply to almost all sales for animal consumption because most milk sold for animal use would not be sold in the same final pac
kage form as raw milk sold to humans.  At best this view would argue that the regulation should be interpreted so as to have been erroneously drafted not to apply to Organic Pastures\rquote  situation.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi360\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 A victory on this point would not even mean very much. Organic Pastures could argue in response that the inclusion of a \'93pet food only\'94
 label changes the final package form significantly, such that the \'93pet food only\'94 carton sold in Oregon is not in the same final package form as the label-free product sold in Calif
ornia.  Or it could just modify the packaging for the pet food/out-of-state milk until it was distinct from the packaging of in-state milk.  Even completely distinct pet food packaging that gave no impression the product was safe for humans would not dent
 internet sales, since the Organic Pastures website makes clear that the in-state and out-of-state milk have the same source and composition. }}}{\insrsid1056150 , Organic Pastures Dairy\rquote 
s approach will be safe from FDA action unless and until the agency promulgates regulations that ban raw milk sales for animal consumption in interstate commerce.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }{\b\insrsid1056150 3. \tab State Regulation of Pet Food Strategy
\par }{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
The pet food strategy just described, which consists of classifying raw milk as pet food and selling it in interstate commerce, is thus safe under current FDA regulations.  Defeating the FDA is itself very useful.  Suppose there were no FDA regulation bar
ring interstate commerce in milk \endash  then Organic Pastures Dairy could set up shop in California and ship raw milk to every state that allowed such shipment.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 Without any FDA regulation of interstate commerce of raw milk, there would be little doubt under the Commerce Clause about the ability of states to use raw milk laws to shield themselves against out-of-state raw milk shipments to consumers.  }{
\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  analysis }{\i\insrsid1056150 infra}{\insrsid1056150  at notes 66-67. }}}{\insrsid1056150     The pet food strategy\rquote s effects on state law make it even better than a total absence of FDA regu
lation, however.  The strategy can significantly interfere with state efforts to bar raw milk, even were states inclined to enforce their raw milk statutes against out-of-state Internet raw milk sales.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Note that Oregon\rquote 
s imposition of a labeling requirement for Organic Pastures Dairy, }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150  at note 58, dealt with supermarket sales rather than those made directly to the consumer.}}}{\insrsid1056150  
\par }\pard\plain \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 The \'93pet food\'94 strategy avoids state raw milk regula
tion in three ways.  First, it forces some states to amend their raw milk statutes to specifically bar the use of raw milk as pet food if those states wish to prevent Internet raw milk pet food sales.  Some states have blanket raw milk bans that would con
flict with FDA regulations if they were read to apply to raw milk in interstate commerce \endash  suppose they require pasteurization of all raw milk products, for example, without making an exception for cheese aged 60 days.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 21 CFR 1250.26 permits the interstate shipment of cheese after it has aged for 60 days.}}}{\insrsid1056150    Those statutes are either unconstit
utional or, if constitutional, may only be applied to intrastate sales (and not to mail-order sales from out-of-state).  A state that has enacted a separate provision regulating the sale of raw milk as pet food may bar out-of-state mail-order sales of pet
 food, but states that rely on a single law for all raw milk sales cannot apply that law in interstate commerce when doing so would conflict with FDA regulations.
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Second, states that rely on strict licensing and inspection requirements in order to deter sal
es of raw milk may not be able to enforce them against out-of-state raw milk producers.  Those producers would only have to comply with the inspection laws of the state in which they operate, not all the states to which they send milk.
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Third, because more 
states ban raw milk for human than for animal consumption, the pet food technique increases the number of states in which raw milk can be sold.  It dodges both FDA and state bans against raw milk sales at once.
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The following example illustrates the first a
dvantage, that conflicts between FDA regulations and state law can require states to amend their statutes before they may target Internet sales of raw milk as pet food.  Suppose Organic Pastures Dairy ships raw milk to a customer in Iowa labeled for anima
l consumption.  Iowa is one of the states that has adopted the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance without varying it.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150  at notes 6 and 11.}}}{\insrsid1056150   Iowa\rquote 
s code provides that \'93[o]nly grade \lquote A\rquote  pasteurized milk and milk products shall be sold to the final consumer, or to restaurants, soda fountains, grocery stores, or similar establishments.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  5 Iowa Statutes 192.103.  }}}{
\insrsid1056150   This statute does not distinguish between sales of milk for human and for animal consumption, and could be applied to both types of sale.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150   One should not conclude that the phrase \'93
sold to the final consumer\'94 excludes pet food, because a human will purchase the product and that human\rquote s pet will be the \'93final consumer\'94 in that it will physically consume the food.  The \'93final consumer\'94 wording in the statu
te only makes sense to distinguish direct-to-consumer sales from sales to retailers.  Further, this reading would have absurd consequences \endash 
 permitting sales of raw milk to parents who will give it to their children, or those who promise to give it to their friends instead of drinking it themselves.}}}{\insrsid1056150   
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\insrsid1056150 If Iowa\rquote 
s raw milk statute were read to apply to milk shipped i
nto Iowa from other states, it would not be constitutional because it lacks an exception for unpasteurized cheese aged 60 days or more.  Where Congress through the FDA has acted to regulate an area of interstate commerce under the U.S. Constitution
\rquote s Commerce Clause, state laws must yield to that regulation}{\cs17\fs24\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The Constitution grants Congress the exclusive power \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States.\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  U.S. Const. Art. I, \'a7\loch\f0  8, cl.3.  Thus where Congress enacts a statute regulating i\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
nterstate commerce, the states must yield to it under the Supremacy Clause; even where Congress has not acted, however, the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 dormant commerce clause\'94\loch\f0 
 acts as a default rule to prevent states from regulating interstate commerce where Congress has remained \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 ilent.  }{\cs23\i\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 See}{
\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 , e.g. Oregon Waste Sys., Inc. v. Dep't of Envt'l Quality, 511 U.S. 93, 98, (1994) (explaining this point of law)}{\insrsid1056150 .  }}}{\fs24\insrsid1056150 
; even absent federal action the ability of states to regulate interstate commerce is limited severely.}{\cs17\fs24\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Pike v. Bruce Church, 397 U.S. 137 (1970) states the rule that under a dormant Commerce Clause analysis a state\rquote s interest in 
enforcing a statute is to be balanced against the burden that statute places on interstate commerce.}}}{\fs24\insrsid1056150   A state regulation barring the shipment of raw milk cheese aged 60 days would not be constitution
al if applied to interstate commerce because it would conflict with FDA regulations.}{\cs17\fs24\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  21 C.F.R. 1250.26.}}}{\fs24\insrsid1056150   
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\insrsid1056150 
Federal courts interpreting state laws that would be unconstitutional if applied to interstate commerce, but fine if applied to intrastate commerce, have read the state laws to be constitutional and intrastate in scope.}{\cs17\fs24\super\insrsid1056150  
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{
\insrsid1056150  National Pharms. Inc. v. De Melecio, 51 F.Supp. 2d. 45, 59-60 (D.P.R. 1999), aff\rquote d 221 F.3d. 235 (1}{\super\insrsid1056150 st}{\insrsid1056150 . Cir. 2000) (reading a Puerto Rico statute requiring the licensing \endash 
 including inspection \endash  of all pharmacies serving Puerto Rico customers by the Puerto Rico Secretary of Health to apply only to pharmacies physically located in Puerto Rico and not to a New Jersey mail-order pharma
cy, where the Puerto Rico Supreme Court had recognized that a state can only exercise jurisdiction over persons within its own territory, and where to interpret the statute to apply to the New Jersey pharmacy would violate the dormant Commerce Clause).  T
he Court of Appeals emphasized that because the court construed the Puerto Rico statute to apply only to Puerto Rico, it did not reach the constitutionality of the statute if applied differently, although it referred to the statute so applied as \'93
of questionable constitutionality.\'94  221 F.3d. at 242.;  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See also}{\insrsid1056150 
 Ctr. for Disease Det., LLC v. Rullan, 288 F.Supp.2d. 136 (D.P.R. 2003) (applying National Pharms. and reading a statute requiring licensing and inspection of laboratories not to apply to work done by 
an out of state laboratory in connection with a contract with the Puerto Rico Department of Health).}}}{\fs24\insrsid1056150   Their rationale is that an ambiguous statute should not be read in such a way as to render it unconstitutional.}{
\cs17\fs24\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}
}{\fs24\insrsid1056150  A court would thus be likely to interpret a statute like Iowa\rquote s to apply only to intrastate commerce.}{\cs17\fs24\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 Statutes which do not conflict with FDA regulations might be interpreted to apply to interstate commerce, given the safety rationale for such statutes.  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  Hillsborough County, }{\i\insrsid1056150 infra}{
\insrsid1056150  at note 75.}}}{\fs24\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
If a state were to enact a distinct provision prohibiting the sale of raw milk as pet food}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  So far, no state has done this.  \'93An Overview of U.S. State Milk Laws.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150 
 HYPERLINK "http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-1.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0031002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b
5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0031002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-1.html}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).  Michigan has enacted a separate provision specifying that \'93dairy plant byproducts used for animal feeding purposes shall be pasteurized,\'94
 but this does not apply to raw milk from a farm.  Michigan Compiled Laws 288.538 Sec. 68(3).  }}}{\insrsid1056150 
, that state could prevent raw milk from being shipped to its citizens from a different state.  FDA has elected to defer to the states on regulation of animal food.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See }{\insrsid1056150 \'93Standards for A
nimal Food and Food Additives in Standardized Animal Food.\'94 64 Federal Register 4293 (January 28, 1999) (announcing final rule removing procedural regulations for establishing animal food standards).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  Because a state ban on raw milk sales to animals would be motivated by the health and safety of animals rather than a desire to insulate in-state producers from competition, states can constitutionally bar the sale of raw milk as pet food}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{
\cs23\i\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 See}{\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0  Hillsborough County v. Automated Medical Laborator\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 
ies, Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 715 (1985) (stating that an FDA statement is dispositive of intent to preempt state law unless inconsistent with clearly expressed Congressional intent (citing Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-45 (1984); in such a c
\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 se, deference to state regulation of health and safety matters justified additional requirements for blood donors against a Commerce Clause challenge).  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See also}{\insrsid1056150 
 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Pataki, 320 F.3d. 200 (2}{\super\insrsid1056150 nd}{\insrsid1056150  Cir. 2003) (where a statute discriminates against interstate commerce in its face or on its effect, the state\rquote 
s justification for a rule is subjected to strict scrutiny).  }}}{\insrsid1056150  and prosecute raw milk feed sellers who ship to consumers via Internet sales.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  }{
\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 320 F.3d. at 219 (finding that while a state cannot prosecute the United States Postal Service under a law b\hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 
arring direct cigarette shipment to consumers for delivering the cigarettes, it can prosecute the out-of-state entity that shipped the product using the Postal Service.)  }}}{\insrsid1056150  
\par States that have banned raw milk sales by enacting the PMO or a similar statute have restricted themselves to the regulation of intrastate sales of raw milk and its products b
ecause the PMO is inconsistent with FDA regulation of interstate commerce in raw milk.   Their only recourse against dairies such as Organic Pastures Dairy or Golden Fleece Dairy, or any other dairy that operates in a raw-milk-friendly state and ships raw
 milk into a state that has adopted the PMO, is to enact a statute specifically targeted at such raw milk pet food sales.
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
The second obstacle the pet food strategy poses to state attempts to regulate raw milk is the possibility that the dormant commerce clause prevents licensing and inspection requirements from being imposed on out-of-state producers.  Where a state\rquote 
s licensing requirements for raw milk producers affect the equipment or production methods an out of state dairy may use, they are probably unconstitutional, although general registration requirements for pet food producers are valid.  
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 In the recent cases }{\i\insrsid1056150 Centers for Disease Detention v. Rullan }{\insrsid1056150 and }{\i\insrsid1056150 
National Pharmaceuticals v. De Melecio}{\insrsid1056150 , the courts refused to read licensing requirements to apply to out of state producers because to do so would render the requirements unconstitutional.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150 
 National Pharms. Inc. v. DeMelicio, and Ctr. for Disease Det., LLC v. Rullan, }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150  at note 70.  These cases suggest that licensing requirements are governed by a line of cases that bar one state\rquote 
s attempt to regulate the prices charged by a distributor in a different state under the Commerce Clause.  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150 , e.g. K-S Pharmacies v. Ame
rican Home Products, 962 F.2d. 728 (7th Cir. 1992) (reading a Wisconsin statute so as to avoid an unconstitutional construction \endash 
 that the statute required pharmacies to charge the same prices in other states that they did in Wisconsin); Brown-Forman Disti
llers v. New York State Liquor Authority 476 U.S. 573 (1986) (holding unconstitutional a New York statute requiring a distiller to charge the same prices in other states that it did in New York during a particular timeframe).  }}}{\insrsid1056150 
  The Puerto Rico laws required inspection of out-of-state facilities.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.  Though not technically a state, Puerto Rico is treated like one for these purposes.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  This kind of requirement is an unconstitutional extension of a state\rquote s jurisdiction beyond
 its boundaries because requiring a New Jersey company to alter its New Jersey production facilities as a condition for doing business in Puerto Rico has effects broader than restricting entry into Puerto Rico\rquote 
s market.  The New Jersey factory may also ship to other states like New York, and to require that factory to meet Puerto Rico standards is to impermissibly regulate beyond the authority of Puerto Rico.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.  }}}{\insrsid1056150 
  If a state has sufficient justification, however, states may place incidental burdens on interstate commerce that treat in-state and out-of-state companies alike.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150 
 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Pataki, 320 F.3d 200\~(2}{\super\insrsid1056150 nd}{\insrsid1056150  Cir. 2003) (restrictions on direct cigarette sales, although burdening out-of-state sellers more, were constitutional
 because of the legitimate local interest in preventing cigarette sales to minors.)}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Thus California\rquote s requirement that cows producing raw milk be inspected every two months}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150 
 15 California Food & Agriculture Code. 35891 (requiring bimonthly inspections for market milk). }}}{\insrsid1056150  would be unconstitutional if imposed on raw milk pet food producers outside the state.  If Californ
ia consumers ordered milk from Peaceful Pets\rquote 
 farm in Tennessee, for example, California would not as a result have authority to inspect the Tennessee facilities.  Its inspection requirements would be interpreted to apply only sales of raw milk within Cali
fornia.  Similar requirements in other states would also have to be interpreted to apply only to intrastate sales or be struck down.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150 
, e.g. Oklahoma Statutes 2-7-417 (requiring permitting and inspection for the facilities of raw milk distributors); Arizona Administrative Code 3-2-805 (requiring approved bottling equipment be used for raw milk production).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  Less restrictive registration requirements, however, such as some states\rquote  requirement that all pet food distributors register and pay a $50 fee before distributing pet food}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\fs20\insrsid1056150 
Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. \'93Frequently Asked Questions.\'94  at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/standards/questions.html" }{\fs20\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003700000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00760064006100630073002e00760069007200670069006e00690061002e0067006f0076002f007300740061006e00640061007200640073002f007100750065007300740069006f006e007300
2e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6e00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00760064006100630073002e00760069007200670069006e00690061002e0067006f0076002f007300740061006e00640061007200640073002f007100750065007300740069006f006e
0073002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/standards/questions.html}}}{\fs20\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005); Indiana Code 15-5-13-11 (imposing $50 inspection fee on pet foods)}
{\cs23\fs20\loch\af2\hich\af2\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 Minnesota has a similar requirement. [add cites]}}}{\insrsid1056150  would be acceptable.

\par }\pard \s30\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
The third advantage to the pet food strategy is that while no state bars raw milk as animal food, yet permits it for human consumption,}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  \'93
An Overview of U.S. State Milk Laws.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-1.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0031002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b
5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0031002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-1.html}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005). }}}{\insrsid1056150  several states treat raw milk sold for animal
s more leniently than raw milk sold for human consumption.  Alaska , Florida, North Carolina, North Dakota and Tennessee, for example, all permit the use of raw milk as animal feed while banning it for human use.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id. }}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 States that have separate regulations bann
ing the use of raw milk as animal feed do not permit use of raw milk by humans.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  The only state to officially recognize the cover strategy of selling raw milk as pet food has been Ohio, which bars all raw milk sale.  Its Department of Agriculture posted on its website a response to the inquiry \'93
May I purchase raw milk for my family\rquote s consumption if it is labeled as pet food?\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\fs20\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1056150   \'93May I purchase raw milk for my family\rquote s consumption if it is labeled as pet food?\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid1056150 at }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/dairy/faqs/FAQ1.pdf" }{\fs20\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003300000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f00680069006f006100670072006900630075006c0074007500720065002e0067006f0076002f00640061006900720079002f0066006100710073002f0046004100510031002e0070006400
66000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f00680069006f006100670072006900630075006c0074007500720065002e0067006f0076002f00640061006900720079002f0066006100710073002f0046004100510031002e007000640066000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\cs18\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/dairy/faqs/FAQ1.pdf}}}}}{\insrsid1056150  The Department of Agriculture\rquote s answer is \lquote no,\rquote  because of Ohio laws barring the sale of raw milk to consumers}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 The Department response cites an exception for retailers who have been engaged in the sale of raw milk since before October 31, 1965, but none of these exist.  Ohio Revised Code Sec. 917.04.}}}{\insrsid1056150  and as animal feed.}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\fs20\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1056150   
\'93May I purchase raw milk for my family\rquote s consumption if it is labeled as pet food?\'94 }{\i\fs20\insrsid1056150 at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\fs20\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/dairy/faqs/FAQ1.pdf" }{
\fs20\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003300000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f00680069006f006100670072006900630075006c0074007500720065002e0067006f0076002f00640061006900720079002f0066006100710073002f0046004100510031002e0070006400
66000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6600000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f00680069006f006100670072006900630075006c0074007500720065002e0067006f0076002f00640061006900720079002f0066006100710073002f0046004100510031002e007000640066000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\cs18\fs20\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.ohioagriculture.gov/dairy/faqs/FAQ1.pdf}}}}}{\insrsid1056150   
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
The Department concludes that raw milk is illegal for animals because the Ohio Administrative Code adopts the standards of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (\'93AAFCO\'94)}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Which were developed with FDA guidance.  Final Rule. \'93
Standards for Animal Food and Food Additives in Standardized Animal Food.\'94 18 Fed. Reg. 4293.}}}{\insrsid1056150  as definitions of feed ingredients by reference.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Ohio Administrative Code 901:5-7-01 Definitions and Terms.  }}}{
\insrsid1056150   The posted response does not explain further, but a separate regulation requiring single ingredient feeds to have an AAFCO-approved product name}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Ohio Administrative Code 901:5-7-011 Commercial Feeds.}}}{
\insrsid1056150  does seem to bar the sale of raw milk for pets in Ohio. The raw milk could not be labeled as milk, nor as raw milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 A company could add colostrum or some other ingredient and then term the resulting product Lacteal Secretion Delight, perhaps.}}}{\insrsid1056150   The onl
y state to explicitly bar the use of non-AAFCO-approved ingredients in animal feed is Alabama, however, which also bars raw milk for human consumption.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\fs20\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\fs20\insrsid1056150  }{\fs20\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 Ala. Admin. Code r. 80-1-9-.02 (2004) \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Pet Food Standards\'94}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab Thus the labeling of raw milk as pet food for introduction into interstate commerce, in addition to sk
irting FDA regulations, lets dairies ship raw milk to states that have banned raw milk sales by adopting the PMO or a similar ordinance, exempts dairies from most licensing and inspection requirements in all states save those where the dairies produce mil
k, and opens up a market in states that ban raw milk for human consumption yet allow it for animals.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 B.\tab The Frozen Milk Strategy
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 \tab 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab The pet food strategy is the only successful one for interstate traffickers in raw milk.   Two other tactics pioneered by Or
ganic Pastures Dairy have failed.  The first of these is freezing milk.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab FDA sent a warning letter on February 24, 2005 to Organic Pastures Dairy because of their sales of frozen raw milk.}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93
Organic Pastures Dairy Company Warning Letter.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 at}{\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5215d.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006600640061002e0067006f0076002f0066006f0069002f007700610072006e0069006e0067005f006c006500740074006500720073002f006700350032003100350064002e00680074006d00
0000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006600640061002e0067006f0076002f0066006f0069002f007700610072006e0069006e0067005f006c006500740074006500720073002f006700350032003100350064002e00680074006d000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5215d.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   As explained in a news release issued by the Weston A. Price Foun
dation, a nonprofit organization advocating the use of raw milk, Organic Pastures Dairy started marketing frozen milk in 2004 in a partnership with the alternative medicine/health food site Mercola.com.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company Signs Raw Dairy Pro
ducts Internet Sales Agreement with Mercola.com,\'94 at http://www.westonaprice.org/federalupdate/aa2004/infoalert_072604.html. }}}{\insrsid1056150   The release argued that the requirement that milk b
e in final package form for direct human consumption did not apply to frozen milk, because that milk is not in \'93final consumable form.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
  This wording is unclear, but presumably the release takes the position that either frozen milk is not in \lquote final package form\rquote  or that because the milk must be defrosted before being consumed, it is not for \lquote direct human consumption,
\rquote  since the intermediate step of defrosting prevents consumption from being \lquote direct.\rquote 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 The FDA warning letter, however, states that \'93[t]hough y
our products are shipped in a [redacted] state, your products are still considered to be in final package form for human consumption.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company Warning Letter.\'94  }{
\i\insrsid1056150 at}{\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5215d.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000003200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006600640061002e0067006f0076002f0066006f0069002f007700610072006e0069006e0067005f006c006500740074006500720073002f006700350032003100350064002e00680074006d00
0000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006600640061002e0067006f0076002f0066006f0069002f007700610072006e0069006e0067005f006c006500740074006500720073002f006700350032003100350064002e00680074006d000000}}
}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5215d.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   The phrase \'93[redacted]\'94 only makes sense if the missing term is \'93frozen.\'94
  It is difficult to find fault with the FDA response; there is nothing about the phrase \'93final package form\'94 which excludes a box of frozen milk.  Further, the intent of the pasteurization regulation to apply the \'93final package form\'94
 exception to permit out-of-state shipments to pasteurization plants, not shipments of unpasteurized frozen product to consumers.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Final Rule.  \'93
Milk, Lowfat Milk, and Skim Milk, Pasteurization Requirements for Fluid Milk Products for Consumer Use.\'94 52 Federal Register 29509 (August 10, 1987).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 C.\tab The Dietary Supplement Strategy
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab 
An earlier Organic Pastures attempt to skirt the FDA regulations by adding colostrum to milk and classifying it as a dietary supplement also appears unsucc
essful.  A 2003 press release from the Weston A. Price Foundation argued that the inclusion of colostrum, a form of milk secreted cows immediately after giving birth that \'93looks and tastes just like regular raw milk,\'94
 can be legally distributed out-of-state because the inclusion of colostrum prevents it from being a \'93dairy product.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Action Alert: Raw colostrum approved in California.\'94 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\insrsid1056150  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.westonaprice.org/federalupdate/aa2003/actionalert_083003.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000004900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006500730074006f006e006100700072006900630065002e006f00720067002f006600650064006500720061006c007500700064006100740065002f006100610032003000300033002f00
61006300740069006f006e0061006c006500720074005f003000380033003000300033002e00680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b9200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0077006500730074006f006e006100700072006900630065002e006f00720067002f00660065
0064006500720061006c007500700064006100740065002f006100610032003000300033002f0061006300740069006f006e0061006c006500720074005f003000380033003000300033002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 
http://www.westonaprice.org/federalupdate/aa2003/actionalert_083003.html}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
The release announces California approval as a dietary supplement for a colostrum product sold by Organic Pastures Dairy.  Two years after the release, Organic Pastures Dairy\rquote 
s raw colostrum products are not sold outside of California for human consumption.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company \endash  Order Now!\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com/ordernow/}}}{
\insrsid1056150   The press release\rquote s analysis is incorrect.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Dietary supplements must meet several requirements; colostrum could qualify as such a supplement for FDA purposes,}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{
\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  21 U.S.C.S. \'a7 321(ff) (as amended by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994).  Colustrum would meet the requirements that a supplement contain vitamins, m
inerals, herbs, or amino acids; it would have to be labeled as a dietary supplement and \'93not represented for use as a conventional food,\'94 and its ingredients would have to had been approved for use before the Act\rquote 
s passage, or would require FDA premarket notification.}}}{\insrsid1056150  but classification as a dietary supplement would not exempt it from the requirements for foods: \'93
Except for purposes of section 201(g) [treating products which make disease treatment claims under the regulatory regime for drugs], a dietary supplement shall be deemed to be a food within the meaning of this Act.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Despite colostrum\rquote s exclusion from the definition of \'93milk,\'94
 its pasteurization is still required by the FDA.  FDA regulations for human food define \'93milk\'94 as the \'93}{\cs19\insrsid1056150 the lacteal secretion, practically free from colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows.}{
\insrsid1056150 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{
\insrsid1056150  \'9321 C.F.R. 133.3.  The regulation requiring pasteurization of all \'93milk and milk products\'94 shipped in interstate commerce does not refine or depart from this definition, as the sale of cheese does.  21 C.F.R. 1240.61.}}}{
\insrsid1056150   This definition of milk excludes other animals, whose milk is defined as a \'93milk product.\'94 Such products are \'93food products made exclusively or principally from the lacteal secretion \'85 of a milk-producing animal\'85
 [such as] cows, goats, sheep and water buffalo.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  21 C.F.R. 1240.3(j).}}}{\insrsid1056150   Use of the phrase \'93practically free from colostrum\'94 would be meaningless if colostrum did not count as a \'93lacteal secretion.\'94
 Classification as a dietary supplement does not prevent regulation as a \'93food product,\'94 and thus FDA regulations requiring pasteurization of milk products would prevent interstate shipment of raw colostrum for human consumption.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 D.\tab The Cow Share Strategy
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 \tab One attempt to elude raw milk regulation is by buying \'93cow shares,\'94
 or engaging in \'93cow leasing.\'94  Statutes that ban the \'93sale\'94 of milk do not necessarily apply to these transactions, in which a customer purchases (or rents) a part ownership interest in a cow and in return receives the proceeds of t
hat ownership interest in the form of unpasteurized milk.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs34\insrsid1056150 Katy McLaughlin.}{\cs20\b\insrsid1056150  }{\cs20\insrsid1056150 \'93
Got Raw Milk? Not Unless You Own Your Own Cow; Farmers Offer Bovine Stakes To Bypass Health Rule; Wisconsin Sours on Plan.\'94}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  Wall Street Journal: Sep 11, 2003. pg. A.1.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 These transactions are not mere technical evasive maneuvers, but instead have substance: a Virginia cow share agreement renders the shareholder responsible for any unusual veterinary bills the cow might incur, for example.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Hedgebrook Farms\'94 at }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.hedgebrook.com/cowboarding.asp" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002a00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068006500640067006500620072006f006f006b002e0063006f006d002f0063006f00770062006f0061007200640069006e0067002e006100730070000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004b
a90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068006500640067006500620072006f006f006b002e0063006f006d002f0063006f00770062006f0061007200640069006e0067002e006100730070000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 
http://www.hedgebrook.com/cowboarding.asp}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005)}}}{\insrsid1056150   A farm that distributes raw milk by selling \'93farm shares\'94 gathers its shareholders twice a year for voting on farm activities.}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 McLaughlin.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 State response to cow sharing has been mixed.  Wisconsin authorized a cow share program, but eventua
lly shut it down after a Salmonella outbreak}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id; }{\i\insrsid1056150 see}{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150 
 at note 19 for details of the outbreak.  As the Wall Street Journal reports, the defeat of the cow sharing plan in Wisconsin led to t
he incorporation of the underlying farm and sale of its shares, with attendant involvement in the business of the dairy by shareholders.  }{\cs34\insrsid1056150 Katy McLaughlin.}{\cs20\b\insrsid1056150  }{\cs20\insrsid1056150 \'93
Got Raw Milk? Not Unless You Own Your Own Cow; Farmers Offer Bovine Stakes To Bypass Health Rule; Wisconsin Sours on Plan.\'94}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  Wall Street Journal.: Sep 11, 2003. pg. A.1.; \'93Overview of U.S. State Milk Laws\'94 }{
\cs34\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs34\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-3.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0033002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-3.html}
}}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  }{\insrsid1056150 (last visited April 24, 2005)}{\cs34\insrsid1056150 .}}}{\insrsid1056150  \endash  the Wisconsin statutes barred \'93distribution\'94 of raw milk as well as its \'93sale,\'94
 however, so it is not a useful guide to understanding to what extent cow shares can circumvent \'93sale\'94 language.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Wisconsin Statutes 97.24 \'93Requirements for milk and fluid milk products.\'94}}}{\insrsid1056150   Other states s
uch as Michigan have not challenged the practice.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs34\insrsid1056150 Katy McLaughlin.}{\cs20\b\insrsid1056150  }{\cs20\insrsid1056150 \'93
Got Raw Milk? Not Unless You Own Your Own Cow; Farmers Offer Bovine Stakes To Bypass Health Rule; Wisconsin Sours on Plan.\'94}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  Wall Street Journal.: Sep 11, 2003. pg. A.1.; \'93Overview of U.S. State Milk Laws\'94 }{
\cs34\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs34\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-3.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0033002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-3.html}
}}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  }{\insrsid1056150 (last visited April 24, 2005)}{\cs34\insrsid1056150 .}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150  The only state that has taken legislative action in response to cow sharing is North Carolina; it changed the statutory definition of 
\'93sale\'94 of raw milk to include the purchase and sale of cow shares, and such arrangements are now illegal in that state.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93
'Sale' or 'sold' shall mean any transaction that involves the transfer or dispensing of milk 
and milk products through barter or contractual arrangement or in exchange forany other form of compensation, including but not limited to, the sale of shares or interest in a cow, goat, or other lactating animal or herd.\'94
  North Carolina General Statutes. 130A-279. }}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab Cow shares have not been tested against FDA regulations on interstate sale; the cow share programs mentioned in a }{\i\insrsid1056150 
Wall Street Journal}{\insrsid1056150  article on the subject, for example, involved sales of milk on farms rather than shipment to out-of-state shareholders.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\cs34\insrsid1056150 Katy McLaughlin.}{\cs20\b\insrsid1056150  }{
\cs20\insrsid1056150 \'93Got Raw Milk? Not Unless You Own Your Own Cow; Farmers Offer Bovine Stakes To Bypass Health Rule; Wisconsin Sours on Plan.\'94}{\cs34\insrsid1056150  Wall Street Journal.: Sep 11, 2003. pg. A.1.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 One Virginia farm that offers \'93cow boarding\'94 agreements will deliver to shareholders, but only within Northern Virginia.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Hedgebrook Farm\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst 
{\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.hedgebrook.com/cowboarding.asp" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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a90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0068006500640067006500620072006f006f006b002e0063006f006d002f0063006f00770062006f0061007200640069006e0067002e006100730070000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 
http://www.hedgebrook.com/cowboarding.asp}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab Given the expense involved in shipping raw milk, there may be no consumer willing 
to commit to buying a share of an out-of-state cow.  If one did buy a share, the legality of the arrangement would depend on whether milk shipped in this fashion was \'93delivered into interstate commerce\'94 within the meaning of FDA regulations.}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{
\cs20\insrsid1056150 21 C.F.R. \'a7 1240.61.}}}{\insrsid1056150   This phrase appears broad enough to encompass the cow sharing practice if FDA chose to enforce it, since the regulation does not require a literal \'93sale\'94 of the milk.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 IV.\tab Policy
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 \tab Should the FDA act in response to the pet food strategy?  A few salient possibilities f
or regulatory action by the FDA include banning all intrastate raw milk sales, banning raw milk sales in animal feed, and merely enforcing existing regulations.  Since banning all intrastate sales of raw milk would have be broader than necessary to solve 
the circumvention of current FDA regulations, this Part will consider only the latter two possibilities.
\par \tab The strongest case for FDA action is twofold.  First, the pet food strategy in many situations prevents states from stopping interstate sale of raw mil
k as pet food to their citizens without amending their statutes.  Second, because raw milk sales in interstate commerce will occur primarily over the Internet, purveyors of raw milk can lace their websites with misleading health claims}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{
\cs23\dbch\af2\insrsid1056150 \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 The Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 labeling\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  is \'93\loch\f0 
all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter (1) upon \hich\af0\dbch\af2\loch\f0 \hich\f0 any article or any of its containers or wrappers, or (2) accompanying such article.\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  21 U.S.C.A. \'a7\loch\f0  321(m).  A dairy
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0 s website does not \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 accompany\'94\loch\f0  a jug of milk, and is thus exempt from restrictions on health claims.}}}{\insrsid1056150  that lull consumers
 into a false sense of security and obscure the dangers of raw milk.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Consider the claims made by Organic Pastures Dairy: raw milk \'93strengthens the immune system\'94 and \'93
has been used effectively to assist Autistic [sic] children,\'94 unlike pasteurized milk, which \'93causes allergies.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company \endash  FAQ\'94 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.organicpastures.com/faq/" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006600610071002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b48000000680074007400
70003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006600610071002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com/faq/}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150   The site also engages in a bit of obnoxious paralepsis by declining to list the fifty diseases \'93positively effected [sic]\'94
 by raw milk, but instead directing the visitor to various websites that will make the more brazen claims.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.  Under Consumers Union v. Alta-Dena Certified Dairy, }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150 
 at note 22, it is not clear that Organic Pastures may make these claims under California law.}}}{\insrsid1056150   If people are being misled into buying raw milk products, or buy such products because of their association with \'93natural\'94 or \'93
organic\'94 food, this state of affairs hurts the argument that a purchaser should be able to decide that she likes the taste of raw milk enough to incur a few health risks. 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
One might respond that milk sold for pet food only carries the attendant implication that it is not safe for human consumption.  This could counteract marketing puffery by the dairy selling the milk.  The owner o
f Peaceful Pets has stated that many people request her to sell milk for human consumption}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Mitchell Kline.  \'93Advocates of raw milk form dairy underground.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 The Tennessean}{\insrsid1056150  Dec. 28, 2004 }{
\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.tennessean.com/local/archives/04/12/63400735.shtml" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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3400300030003700330035002e007300680074006d006c000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b7c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00740065006e006e00650073007300650061006e002e0063006f006d002f006c006f00630061006c002f00610072006300680069007600650073002f
00300034002f00310032002f00360033003400300030003700330035002e007300680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.tennessean.com/local/archives/04/12/63400735.shtml}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{
\insrsid1056150  \endash  the \'93pet food strategy\'94 does not overcome their qualms about eating food legally served only to pets, or they would just buy the milk as currently sold.  Even whe
re a producer like Organic Pastures Dairy sells the same milk for human consumption as for animal consumption, the \'93pet food only\'94 label still serves as a deterrent to consumers.
\par One might also argue in response to the pro-regulation position that the poli
cy arguments are weaker for a ban on the interstate sale of raw milk than on the sale of intrastate raw milk: while the normal consumer of raw milk in California is more likely to possess only a high school education than a consumer of pasteurized milk,}{
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150  \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 Headrick ML, Badgaleh T, Klontz KC, Werner SB. \'93Profile of raw milk consumers in California.\'94 Public Health Reports 112:418 (1997).}}}{\insrsid1056150  anyone wealthy enough to pay $50 to ship a $68 gallon of cream}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 
\chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company 
\endash  Order Now!\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.organicpastures.com/ordernow/" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000170000002900000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006f0072006400650072006e006f0077002f000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b
5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006f007200670061006e0069006300700061007300740075007200650073002e0063006f006d002f006f0072006400650072006e006f0077002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.organicpastures.com/ordernow/}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}} }{\insrsid1056150 
is more likely to be privileged and educated, and thus to have access to information about the health risks of raw milk.  Alternatively, for the gourmet cook or amateur cheesemaker who derives
 great utility from being able to buy raw milk, there are far fewer innocent victims at these prices.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
Further, even for the very wealthy, raw milk as pet food is unlikely to present anyone with much risk, not because few people consume it, but because the 
process of interstate shipment of milk is so expensive and cumbersome that few people will consume it very often.  The Centers for Disease Control estimate that a consumer of raw milk during 1983 faced a 1 in 2,000 chance of contracting Salmonella dublin 
assumed consumption of a daily pint.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Centers for Disease Control.  \'93Salmonella Dublin and Raw Milk Consumption \endash  California.\'94 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 33(14) p. 196-198 (April 13, 1984). }{\i\insrsid1056150 
available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000318.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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2e00680074006d000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b6c00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300640063002e0067006f0076002f006d006d00770072002f0070007200650076006900650077002f006d006d0077007200680074006d006c002f00300030003000300030003300310038
002e00680074006d000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000318.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
There are also some positive externalities to an interstate market for raw milk.  It can provide very high profits to small dairies and thus help family dairy farms stay afloat.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See }{\insrsid1056150 McLaughlin }{
\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150  at note 113 (describing how raw milk sales saved a family farm).}}}{\insrsid1056150   Many people attach some existence value
 to the family farmer.  The specter of product liability will likely prevent raw-milk-as-pet-food from becoming a very large-scale operation.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 An advocate of regulation would rejoin that general arguments about the merits of bothering with the interstate tr
ansfer of raw milk are not applicable to FDA policy in this area, because the FDA has already committed to an interstate ban on raw milk.  But if regulating the interstate sale of raw milk is barely worth FDA resources \endash 
 perhaps reflected in the fact that it had to be forced to do so initially by a court order}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 See}{\insrsid1056150  }{\i\insrsid1056150 supra}{\insrsid1056150  at note 9.}}}{\insrsid1056150  \endash 
 this fact bears on the question of whether it is worth regulating pet food solely to reduce the possibility that consumers will purchase raw milk as pet food and then drink it themselves.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Banning r
aw milk as pet or animal food is also not costless.   Two states that have addressed the use of raw milk as animal feed have required a dye be applied to the milk rather than banning it.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  25 C.R.S. 114-114-114. \'93Unlawful acts.\'94
 (Such acts include selling raw milk for animal consumption unless treated with a dye.).  Texas requires dye in raw milk for animal feed as a matter of policy \'93An Overview of U.S. State Milk Laws\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 at }{\field{\*\fldinst {
\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-5.html" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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5200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e007200650061006c006d0069006c006b002e0063006f006d002f006d0069006c006b002d006c006100770073002d0035002e00680074006d006c000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.realmilk.com/milk-laws-5.html}
}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005)}}}{\insrsid1056150   To the extent that there are legitimate reasons for farmers to purc
hase raw milk from a separate state for their farms, an FDA regulation could have unintended disadvantages for those farmers.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Because raw milk still poses significant risks, the FDA should continue to enforce its ban on interstate sale.  The pet food strat
egy raises the costs of FDA action \endash  a new regulation must be promulgated \endash  and lowers the benefits, since the \'93pet food\'94
 designation already warns off consumers.  On balance, therefore, it would be a better use of FDA resources to target the poor and disadvantaged who are not aware of the risks they are taking with raw milk}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Headrick ML, Badgaleh T, Klontz KC, Werner SB. \'93
Profile of raw milk consumers in California.\'94 Public Health Reports 112:418 (1997).}}}{\insrsid1056150 , as the agency is already doing}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150 
 The FDA recently issued a warning describing disease risk in unpasteurized Mexican soft cheese, for example.  Maribel Villiava.  \'93FDA warns Hispanics about queso fresco.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1056150 El Paso Times }{\insrsid1056150 April 20, 2005.  }{
\i\insrsid1056150 available at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.borderlandnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050420/NEWS/50420003/1001" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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6c0065003f004100490044003d002f00320030003000350030003400320030002f004e004500570053002f00350030003400320030003000300033002f0031003000300031000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90baa00000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e0062006f0072006400650072006c
0061006e0064006e006500770073002e0063006f006d002f0061007000700073002f0070006200630073002e0064006c006c002f00610072007400690063006c0065003f004100490044003d002f00320030003000350030003400320030002f004e004500570053002f00350030003400320030003000300033002f003100
3000300031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.borderlandnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050420/NEWS/50420003/1001}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005)}}}{\insrsid1056150 
, to continue to test raw milk dairies for pathogens}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Before issuing a warning letter to Organic Pastures Dairy, the FDA tested its production facilities extensively.  \'93Organic Pastures Dairy Company Warning Letter.\'94  }{\i\insrsid1056150 at}{
\insrsid1056150  }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid1056150  HYPERLINK "http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5215d.htm" }{\insrsid1056150 {\*\datafield 
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}{\fldrslt {\cs18\ul\cf2\insrsid1056150 http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5215d.htm}}}{\insrsid1056150  (last visited April 24, 2005).}}}{\insrsid1056150 
, and to pursue action against raw milk as pet food if its human consumption as pet food becomes more prevalent. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150 V.\tab Conclusion
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1056150  
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 
The popularity of cow share programs demonstrates that it is very difficult to prevent farmers and customers from exchanging raw milk for money.  Whether raw milk consumers long to get closer to nature by consuming \'93organic\'94
 and unprocessed food or simply cannot do without the superior flavor or raw milk, they are as eager to buy raw milk as cash-strapped dairy farmers are to sell it.  The sales are more important to both parties than many other transactions.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150  \tab Recent FDA exp
erience with the interstate portion of these sales should be frustrating for regulators.  The warning letter sent to Organic Pastures Dairy Company in February}{\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1056150 \chftn }{\insrsid1056150  Id.}}}{\insrsid1056150 
 is no longer relevant, since the company has cycled from the frozen milk strategy to the pet food strategy.  
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1056150 Rather than expending more resources in a potentially futile fight with the pet food shippers \endash 
 who knows what their next strategy will be? \endash  the FDA should focus on persuading consumers of raw milk that drinking milk in its natural, unpaste
urized state is not a healthier alternative to drinking pasteurized milk.  If well-informed organic food diehards are still willing to pay exorbitant sums and bear some disease risks to get their raw milk fix, then the FDA has more pressing tasks than to 
stand in their way.
\par }}