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10.0.6612;}{\info{\title Shehitah- The Laws}{\author Ronit Michelle Gurtman}{\operator Computing Services}{\creatim\yr2005\mo5\dy5\hr12\min33}{\revtim\yr2005\mo5\dy5\hr12\min33}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages65} {\nofwords14216}{\nofchars81036}{\*\company }{\nofcharsws95062}{\vern16389}}\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct\asianbrkrule\rsidroot4923508 \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8603578 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 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\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1392348 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5245371 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1913583 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1913583 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1913583 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1913583 {\b\fs52\insrsid1913583\charrsid8858896 Shehitah: Jewish Ritual Slaughter \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1913583 {\b\fs36\insrsid1913583 \par \par \par \par }{\b\fs36\insrsid8922035 \par \par \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1913583 {\b\fs36\insrsid8922035 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid8922035 Ronit Gurtman \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Class of 2005 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab April 2005 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Combined Course and Third-Year Work }{\insrsid8922035\charrsid8922035 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1913583 {\b\fs36\insrsid1913583 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \par }{\b\fs36\insrsid8922035 \par \par \tab \tab \tab \par \par \par \par \par }{\b\fs36\insrsid8922035\charrsid1913583 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8000360 \par \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid8000360 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\pagebb\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10554773 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10554773 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415134}Abstract{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415134} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10554773 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10554773\charrsid8858896 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10554773 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10554773 The laws pertaining to shehitah, Jewish ritual slaughter, are explored. Th e laws derive from the oral law, stemming from the prohibition to eat the flesh of live animals, in combination with the general Biblical obligation for humane treatment of animals. The first part of this paper is an exposition of the origins of shehitah , and the laws for correctly carrying out the process. The second part of this paper addresses the history of the practice of these laws in select European countries and the United States. This history includes a discussion of anti-shehitah campaigns and legislation through modern times.}{\insrsid8000360 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\pagebb\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10554773 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7482524 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118298}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120039}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415135}Table of Contents{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415135} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6519266 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6519266\charrsid6519266 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\insrsid3691625 TOC \\o "1-3" \\u }}{\fldrslt { \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Abstract\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415134 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100330034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 2}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Part I: The Laws of Shehitah\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415136 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100330036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 4}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Shehitah: The Origins\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415137 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100330037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 4}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par The Reason: Pity for Living Creatures\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415138 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100330038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 5}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par The Basic Laws\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415139 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100330039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 6}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Before the Slaughter: Cleaning and Casting\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415140 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 8}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par After the Slaughter: B\rquote dikah and Nikur\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415141 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 12}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par After the Slaughter: Koshering and Washing\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415142 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 16}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Contrast to Non-Kosher Slaughter\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415143 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 19}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Part II: A History of Shehitah Practice\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415144 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 22}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Sale of Non-Kosher Meat to Non-Jews\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415145 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 22}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard \s26\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Europe: Anti-Shehitah and Humane Slaughter Legislation through World War II and its Aftermath\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415146 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 25}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s27\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Switzerland\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst { \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415147 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340037000000}} }{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 25}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Germany\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415148 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 28}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par United Kingdom\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415149 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100340039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 36}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Europe: Recent Anti-Shehitah and Humane Slaughter Legislation\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415150 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 41}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s27\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Switzerland\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst { \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415151 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350031000000}} }{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 41}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Germany\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415152 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 41}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par United Kingdom\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415153 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 43}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Other Countries\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415154 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 45}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li240\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Shehitah in the United States\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415155 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 48}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s27\ql \li480\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 A Brief History of Shehitah\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415156 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 48}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Anti-Shehitah and Humane Slaughter Legislation\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415157 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 50}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par Recent Anti-Shehitah Protests in the U.S.\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415158 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 58}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8630\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 Conclusion\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst { \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 PAGEREF _Toc100415159 \\h }{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid860471 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003100300030003400310035003100350039000000}} }{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid7022989 64}}}{\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5245371 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 }}\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5245371 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7482524 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120068} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2230381 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2230381 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118298}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120039} {\*\bkmkend _Toc99120068} \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\pagebb\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1074743 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11168194 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120040}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415136}Part I: }{\insrsid13921982 The Laws of Shehitah}{\insrsid2230381 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99120040}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415136} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073315 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16073315\charrsid16073315 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11168194 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8858896 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118299} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120041}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415137}Shehitah}{\cs17\super\insrsid8858896 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Alternate spellings include shechitah, shechita, shehita, shchita.}}}{\insrsid8858896 : The Origins}{\insrsid16276339 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118299} {\*\bkmkend _Toc99120041}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415137} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073315 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14943568 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid11738360 Kashruth, the Hebrew word for Jewish dietary law, pertains to all types of food and contains ma ny intricacies, not only regarding the type of food}{\insrsid14885643 ,}{\cs17\super\insrsid11738360 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11738360 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 \'93}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15680595 These are the creatures that you may eat fr}{\insrsid1392348 om among all the land animals: }{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid15680595 any animal that has true hoofs, with clefts through the hoofs, and that chews (Lit. brings}{\insrsid1392348 up.) the cud such you may eat.\'94 Levit. 11:2-3.}}}{\insrsid11738360 but the manner in which it is prepared, by whom it is prepared, and the combinations in which it is served}{\insrsid6519266 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid11738360 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11738360 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 \'93Thou shalt not seethe a kid in its mother \rquote s milk.\'94 Exod. 23:19, Exod. 34:26, Deut. 14:21. The Talmud, Tractate Chulin 115b interprets the triple repetition of the verse to teach three distinct prohibitions\emdash cooking, eating, and deriving benefit (i.e. make money from the sale thereof, give as a gift or use as animal feed). While the text refers to a lamb and milk, rabbinic interpretation extends the meaning to all meat (animal and fowl) and all dairy produc ts. Separate utensils must be used for meat and dairy. Additionally, tradition allows for up to six hour intervals after consuming meat before consuming dairy products. }}}{\insrsid11738360 }{\insrsid4010477 In fact, one of the earliest commandments in the Bible, included among the Seven Noahide }{\insrsid9198217 Law}{\insrsid4010477 s, is the prohibition against eating the flesh of a live animal.}{\cs17\super\insrsid4010477 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Seymour E. Freedman, The Book of Kashruth 29 (1970). The seven commandments give n to Noah, which non-Jews are expected to follow, include the following: (1) idolatry is forbidden; (2) incestuous and adulterous relations are forbidden; (3) murder is forbidden; (4) blaspheming the name of God is forbidden; (5) theft is forbidden; (6) e ating the flesh of a living animal is forbidden; (7) mankind is commanded to establish courts of justice.}}}{\insrsid4010477 }{\insrsid2454185 }{\insrsid9198217 Animals must be slaughtered before they are eaten, and t}{\insrsid133438 he Jewish law provides for a}{\insrsid12086479 n exact}{\insrsid133438 method by which animals must be slau}{\insrsid3233495 ghtered}{\insrsid133438 . }{\insrsid12086479 \par }{\insrsid15427179 \'93Thou shalt ki}{\insrsid16209100 ll of thy herd and of thy flock}{\insrsid15427179 , which the Lord hath given thee, as I have commanded thee,\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid12350370 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Deut., 12:21.}}}{\insrsid12350370 }{\insrsid15427179 is t}{ \insrsid11738360 he biblical origin for Shehitah, the Jewish method of slaughtering permitted animals for food}{\insrsid15427179 . The words \'93as I have commanded thee\'94 imply a divinely ordained method of slaughter which has been p assed down through the oral law}{\insrsid15628005 . The specific laws are found in the Talmud, Tractate }{\insrsid15628005\charrsid12480355 Chulin}{\insrsid15628005 , chapters I}{\insrsid16209100 and II, (compiled in 499 CE), }{\insrsid15628005 as well as in the codifications by Maimonides (1200 CE) in Mishne}{\insrsid6169189 h}{\insrsid15628005 Torah}{\insrsid5270681 -Laws of Shehitah,}{\insrsid937073 and by Karo (1575 CE), in Shulhan Aruk}{\insrsid5270681 h-Yore}{\insrsid10223657 h}{ \insrsid5270681 De\rquote ah 1-28.}{\cs17\super\insrsid5270681 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 I. M. Levinger, Shechita in the Light of the Year 2000, at 14 (1995). }}}{\insrsid2454185 }{\insrsid11738360 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13921982 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13921982 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118300} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120042}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415138}The Reason:}{\insrsid948729 Pity for Living Creatures{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118300}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120042}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415138} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid948729 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid948729 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid948729 Shehitah is meant to be the most humane method of slaughtering animals. According to Judaism, there are seven laws that were given to Noah\rquote s sons which apply to all mankind as ethical p rinciples. One of these laws requires that one not eat from an animal while it is still alive.}{\cs17\super\insrsid948729 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid948729 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid356894 Id}{\i\insrsid1392348 .,}{\insrsid1392348 at 9. (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid13855135 citing}{ \insrsid1392348 Talmud, Sanhedrin 56a).}}}{\insrsid948729 This is meant to prevent harm to the animals while they are alive. However, Jewish law recognizes the need to use animals for food, and attempts to provide a humane method of killing the animals for consumption purposes. \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid948729 There are many biblical laws protecting animals. For example: an animal should also rest on the Sabbath (Exod. 20:10); a mother animal should not be slaughtered on the same day as her young (Levit. 22:28); one should not take a bird together with its young or with its eggs, but should send away the mother first (Deut. 22:6-7); it is forbidden to harness a plough to two animals of different species (Deut. 22:10); it is forbidden to bind the m o uth of an ox during threshing (Deut. 25:4); it is forbidden to castrate an animal (Levit. 22:24; Karo, 1575j); one cannot eat from a live animal, (Gen. 9:4); one is obligated to help carry the load of an animal carrying too heavy a load (Deut. 22:24); on e should reload an improperly loaded animal so that it does not suffer (Exod. 23:5); and it is forbidden to slaughter an animal younger than eight days old.}{\cs17\super\insrsid948729 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid948729 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 10.}}} {\insrsid948729 The general principle of compassion for animals is encapsulated in the term \'93tsa\rquote ar baalei chaim,\'94 having pity for the pain of living creatures. \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid948729 The shehitah process developed in light of this underlying principle of pity for living }{\insrsid467004 creatures. The intent behind the}{\insrsid948729 process is to cause the animals as little pain as possible.}{\cs17\super\insrsid948729 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid948729 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Shehitah, when properly carried out, does in fact comply with humane principles. Brain function is eliminated and ceases very rapidly, whereas heart function ceases later, allowing a high degree of exsanguination. }{\i\insrsid1392348 See Id.}{ \insrsid1392348 , at 31-111}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13855135 }{\insrsid1392348 for a detailed examination of the physiological effects of the shehitah process.}}}{\insrsid948729 However, despite these noble intentions, there have been numerous attempts, some }{\insrsid14578760 rather }{\insrsid948729 su}{\insrsid467004 ccessful, at implementing anti-shehitah and humane s}{\insrsid14578760 laughter legislation }{\insrsid948729 throughout Europe and the United States. \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13921982 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12023337 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118301} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120043}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415139}The }{\insrsid5255496 Basic }{\insrsid12023337 Laws}{\insrsid8855575 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118301}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120043}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415139} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073315 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14943568 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid8858896 The laws of shehitah, the slaughter of animals for kosher m eat, are particularly complex. They are strictly regulated by the rabbis. }{\insrsid2780636 Special knowledge is required }{\insrsid13060104 for}{\insrsid2780636 the slaughtering of the animal, the examination of the lungs, and the removal of the blood and fatty tissues}{\insrsid9983571 . S}{\insrsid14252750 pecial li}{\insrsid6169189 censing is required of the \'93sho}{\insrsid14252750 het-bodek\'94 (slaughterer and examiner)}{\insrsid2557535 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid3153168 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3153168 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 During Talmudic times, professional slaughterers known as \'93tabbahim\'94 functioned as both slaughterers and meat vendors. Because the tabbah himself determined whether meat was kosher, he had econ omic incentive to lie, since he was also the vendor of the meat. Because declaring unfit meat to be kosher would lead those who consumed the meat to violate a prohibition, the rabbis sought to safeguard the community against dishonest tabbahim. Initiall y, the rabbis reserved the right to inspect the tabbah\rquote s knife at will, and imposed harsh punishments on tabbahim that would not comply with the inspections, excommunicating them and declaring their meat unfit for consumption. The rabbis set up standards o f eligibility and qualifications for tabbahim, and rigorously prosecuted those who sold unfit meat as being kosher. However, authorities from the thirteenth century on insisted that no man engage in both the slaughter and sale of meat since the combinati on of tasks was too conducive to dishonesty since someone in a dual role would be tempted to rule leniently on his examination of meat that he would subsequently be selling for profit. As such, the roles were divided between a specialist known as the \'93shohet-bodek,\'94 (slaughterer-examiner), and a meat dealer businessman called a \'93kazzab,\'94 (cutter). Jeremiah J. Berman, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13437979 Shehitah}{\insrsid1392348 12-29, 43 (1941).}}}{\insrsid2557535 The certification for shehitah}{\cs17\super\insrsid14164324 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 A sample certificate is as follows: \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1392348 \'93This is to certify that Rabbi Dov Gershon has learned the holy occupation of ritual slaughter and lung examination under my guidance. After testing him I have found him to be very capable in establishing a smooth and sharp knife, has a fine perception when testing the edge of the knife, has slaughtered fowl, cattle and sheep w i thout flaws and is experienced in both internal and external examination of the lungs. He knows very well the laws governing the kashrus of shechita and bedika. I therefore give him this certificate of recognition to notify my brethren of Israel that th e above shochet is suitable to fill the position of shochet and bodek in any city of Israel beyond any question of doubt. Attested to Tamuz 1923, Reuven ben Avrohom Yitzchok, Shochet and Bodek.\'94 Shmuel Rubenstein, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13380176 Kosher Meat}{\insrsid1392348 1 (1979). }}}{\insrsid7893829 is known as \'93kab}{\insrsid13373918 b}{\insrsid7893829 alah,\'94 meaning }{\insrsid2557535 acceptance, }{\insrsid7893829 since}{\insrsid407052 the }{\insrsid2173877 sho}{\insrsid407052 het}{ \insrsid2557535 accepts the responsibility }{\insrsid14164324 of reviewing the laws of shehitah every thirty days.}{\cs17\super\insrsid3153168 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Prior to the ye ar 1100, there was no inquiry into the capabilities of the slaughterer. Moses Maimonides, (Egypt, 1135-1204), suggested that slaughterers practice under the guidance of rabbis and attain proficiency in the laws and the process before performing shehitah . Communities throughout the world began requiring examination by rabbis prior to qualifying a slaughterer. The shohet\rquote s license, known as the \'93kabbalah\'94 was introduced in the sixteenth century. In order to receive a license, the candidate had to pass a slaughtering test given by a rabbi. The licenses were originally issued by veteran shohetim or rabbis, in oral or written form. Later only written licenses conferred by rabbis were acceptable. Qualifications were not only endorsed in code books, communi ty resolutions, and rabbinical mandates, they were enforced by Jewish courts of law. A shohet that was found deficient in knowledge, skill or piety faced possible discipline and disqualification. Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 85-86, 98-99. }}}{\insrsid14164324 }{\insrsid1399560 The original law had no gender specifications for shohetim, yet today they are exclusively male.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1399560 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The Mishnah reads, \'93If s he had slaughtered a beast, a wild animal, or a bird.\'94 Tractate Chulin 8:2. This wording insinuates that women must have been slaughterers in Talmudic times. Rabbi Joseph Karo, in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah 1:1, wrote, \'93 All persons have the right to slaughter, even women.\'94 There are numerous sources referencing the existence of female shohetim in Italy, specifically slaughterers of fowl. This fact has been attributed to the fact that many Italian women and children vacationed in the country without their husbands during the hot summers. Male shohetim were not available in the remote vacation areas and so Italian rabbis permitted women to study and perfect the slaughter of fowl so that they could supply themselves and their families with poultry during t heir summer vacations. However, Rabbi Karo\rquote s code reflects the Sephardic (Spanish, Mediterranean) tradition. The Ashkenazic (German, Eastern European) authorities, in contrast, do not, and never did, permit women to slaughter animals. The Tosafot, a comp osite commentary on the Talmud produced in northern France in the thirteenth century, writes \'93It is written in the \lquote Laws of the Land of Israel\rquote that women may not slaughter, because they are of delicate constitution.\'94 Annotation on Talmud, Chulin 2a. Rabbi Moses Isserles (Poland, 1520-1572), said, \'93There is an opinion that we do not permit women to slaughter, since they have been forbidden by long established usage. It is the rule that women do not slaughter. \'94 Note on Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah 1:1. Rab bi Zebi Hirsch Spira of Munkacs, Hungary, summarized the reasons of Ashkenazic authorities from excluding female slaughterers: (1) a woman cannot be sufficiently learned in Shehitah laws; (2) a woman might faint during the act of slaughtering; (3) they ar e careless; (4) they are lazy and so would not learn the rules properly; (5) there is some doubt in the matter of whether women are allowed, and doubt in biblical law is always decided on the stricter side. \'93Darke Moshe,\'94 quoted by Charles Duschinsky. Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 134-36. }}}{\insrsid5245371 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid2173877 T}{\insrsid7810374 here are five ba}{\insrsid407052 sic aspects of correct shehitah, which are as follows:}{ \insrsid7810374 (1) }{\i\insrsid7810374\charrsid6491932 Shehiya}{\insrsid7810374 : }{\insrsid4662736 The incision must be continuous until all the vital parts are severed}{\insrsid7348266 without any pause}{\insrsid14960843 . (2) }{ \i\insrsid4662736\charrsid6491932 Derasa}{\insrsid4662736 : There must be no pressing upward or downward, nor any hacking. (3) }{\i\insrsid2173877 H}{\i\insrsid4662736\charrsid6491932 alada}{\insrsid4662736 : There must be no burrowing}{\insrsid2778599 . The incision must be open and exposed so as to drain }{\insrsid1994387 the brain quickly and render the}{\insrsid2778599 animal unconscious immediately. (4) }{\i\insrsid2778599\charrsid6491932 Hagram}{\insrsid2778599 a: The inc}{\insrsid2233957 ision must be in the correct part of the neck, }{\insrsid2778599 through the trache}{\insrsid2233957 a}{\insrsid1994387 , preferably below the }{\insrsid13530021 cricoids}{\insrsid1994387 \emdash the}{\insrsid2778599 complete cartilaginous ring immediately below the }{\insrsid2233957 larynx\emdash but not through the larynx nor through the part of the neck which is close to the chest, where the muscles are very thick and the trachea is }{\insrsid1994387 deep-seated. This is }{\insrsid7817581 in}{\insrsid6491932 }{\insrsid7817581 order}{\insrsid1994387 to avoid blunting or nicking the knife on hard surfaces which may cause delay }{\insrsid1315666 in the slaughter }{\insrsid1994387 and }{ \insrsid1315666 unnecessarily }{\insrsid1994387 inflict pain on the animal.}{\insrsid7817581 (5) }{\i\insrsid7817581\charrsid6491932 Ikkur}{\insrsid7817581 : There must be an incision\emdash a clean cut\emdash and not a laceration or tear. The knife is examined both before and after the slaughter to ensure that it is perfectly smooth}{\insrsid1315666 , enabling a clean incision}{\insrsid16209100 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid6491932 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 15e.}}}{ \insrsid7810374 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid4216057 The knife us}{\insrsid1315666 ed for shehitah is called the \'93}{\insrsid4216057 halef,\'94 meaning \'93change\'94 in Hebrew, because the animal\rquote s status is changed from life to death. The Hebrew letters are also an acronym for \'93chad v\rquote lo pagum,\'94 meaning \'93sharp without notches.}{\insrsid9726162 \'94}{\insrsid4216057 }{\insrsid201476 This sums up the essence of the slaughter. It is meant to facilitate death to the animal as quickly and painlessly as possible, therefore requiring the smoothest and sharpest knife possible so that the animal will immediately be killed}{\insrsid8025463 . }{\cs17\super\insrsid669251 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Rubenstein, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 2.}}}{\insrsid8025463 }{\insrsid2387579 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid3222108 The act of shehitah itself must be done in one stroke. }{\insrsid4138269 The incision begins from the surface of the skin and goes down to, but not touching, the vertebrae. The trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagal nerves and the main or upper cardiac branches of the sympathetic nerves are all severed.}{ \insrsid12067811 The severing of the carotid arteries causes an immediate acute anemia of the brain, followed by instantaneous unconsciousness.}{\cs17\super\insrsid12067811 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 16. For a synopsis of the medical aspects of the shehitah, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15746559 See }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, at 18-20. }}}{\insrsid9447460 }{\insrsid11548651 The method is meant to prevent the animal from suffering}{ \insrsid9906998 .}{\insrsid4138269 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13921982 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid9268413 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118302} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120044}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415140}Before the Slaughter: }{\insrsid590724 Cleaning and Casting}{\insrsid12067811 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118302}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120044}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415140} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073315 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14943568 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid590724 Before the actual slaughter is performed, the neck of the animal is washed with a hose to ensure that there is no dirt or pebbles that might nick the knife and impair the shehitah process by causing an interruption during the slaughter. Additionally, the knife must be exposed throughout the entire act of shehitah, and cannot be covered with mud. For the same reason }{\insrsid11941031 ,}{\insrsid590724 the wool of sheep is sometimes sheared before shehitah, and in the U.S. the hairs are brushed and parted so that the knife is exposed. The knife is smoothed by sharpening it on a slate stone. Prior to shehitah, and again following the shehitah, the kni f e is tested for any imperfections by lightly passing the edge of the index or pointer fingernail along the cutting edge of the knife or by moving the edge of the knife back and forth on the edge of the fingernail. The size of the blade varies depending o n the size of the animal, and the blade of the knife may be beveled either on both sides or on just one.}{\cs17\super\insrsid590724 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid590724 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Rubenstein, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 2.}}}{\insrsid590724 \par }{\insrsid9972006 In order to ensure that the shehitah is done properly, the animal must be immobilized prior to the slaughter. There are no }{\insrsid13125048 Jewish laws that }{\insrsid3043250 dictate }{\insrsid16582185 specifically }{\insrsid3043250 how this must be done, other than the overriding principle of prevention of cruelty to animals.}{\insrsid5381113 While small animals are usually slaughtered without casting, larger animals require this immobilization.}{\insrsid9972006 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1378588 {\insrsid5381113 Traditionally, animals }{\insrsid1070781 have been laid down prior to the shehitah}{\insrsid5381113 , to }{ \insrsid5978394 avoid putting any pressure on the knife}{\insrsid1070781 , in order to comply with the law of \'93Derasa\'94, which requires that there be no pressing upwa}{\insrsid12915476 rd or downwar}{\insrsid5978394 d}{\insrsid12915476 }{ \insrsid5381113 on the knife }{\insrsid12915476 du}{\insrsid5978394 ring the slaughter. }{\insrsid3887339 In the past animals were slaughtered while lying on the f}{\insrsid6888793 loor with their heads upward.}{\insrsid12600562 The animal was thrown}{ \insrsid9056478 down by tying its feet}{\insrsid12600562 . This method was eventually replaced by the Hess method, where a rope would be tied around the animal\rquote s horns and tied around its body three times, around its neck, }{\insrsid9056478 beh ind the forelegs, and in front of the hind legs. When the end of the rope was pulled, the animal would voluntarily lie down, enabling the slaughterer to tie its legs.}{\insrsid5529514 In the early 1900s this method was replaced by}{\insrsid6166426 \'93shackling and hoisting,\'94 }{\insrsid5529514 a process whereby a girdle was placed over the animal. It was then lifted by a set of pulleys so that its legs could be bound, and then it }{\insrsid9729557 was placed back on the ground.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid9729557 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 21-22.}}}{\b\insrsid9056478\charrsid1378588 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid6888793 The }{\insrsid10697422 method }{\insrsid6888793 of \'93shackling and hoisting}{\insrsid6847737 \'94 }{\insrsid10697422 replaced the former one in order to comply with government inspector concerns of contamination }{\insrsid6510807 if the animal, on the floor, were to come in contact with the blood of a previously slaught}{\insrsid9729557 ered animal}{\insrsid6504470 s}{ \insrsid9729557 . The newer method wa}{\insrsid6510807 s believed to avoid the spreading of disease.}{\cs17\super\insrsid10697422 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 33.}}}{\insrsid2686987 }{\insrsid9729557 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408086 {\insrsid4001417 \tab }{\insrsid13321368 The }{\insrsid7239904 first rotating pen, the \'93Weinberg Casting Pen,\'94 was developed in 1927. This pen eliminated the throwing of the animal and the tying of its legs. The animal was secured inside an adjustable pen, which was subsequently }{\insrsid15410101 turned 180}{\insrsid8721653 \'b0}{\insrsid15410101 . The slaughter was then performed while the animal had its legs in the air. The entire process c}{\insrsid12259151 ould be performed within 30 }{\insrsid15410101 seconds. This pen was later improved in various countries}{\insrsid7157774 , allowing for further adjustments in the pen around the animal, and operating on electric and hydraulic power. Other models, such as the one developed in South Africa, only turns the animal 110\'b0, and the slaught}{\insrsid592651 er is then done from the side.}{\cs17\super\insrsid592651 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid6504470 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid9465840 22}{\insrsid1392348 .}}}{\insrsid15410101 }{\insrsid7239904 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid592651 Another development was the knocking pen, which was a modification on the shooting pen used in many non-Jewish slaughter-houses. }{\insrsid10175155 The pen operates}{\insrsid592651 in two stages. }{\insrsid10175155 First, the pen opens and the }{ \insrsid14449598 animal is raised on a line. The pen }{\insrsid10175155 is then}{\insrsid14449598 opened wider and the animal slips out of it. While the animal slips, the line is pulled and the hind legs of the animal are pulled up. The animal is then slaughtered. The entire process takes }{\insrsid12259151 at most between 15 to }{ \insrsid14449598 20 seconds from the time the animal reaches the pen.}{\cs17\super\insrsid12259151 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 24-25.}}}{\insrsid14449598 }{\insrsid592651 \par }{\insrsid16582185 The}{\insrsid12259151 new }{\insrsid3883869 \'93Eshet\'94 }{\insrsid12259151 method for casting adult bovines was developed in Israel. }{\insrsid3883869 The animal is turned in a cage, and falls into a slip on its back. The sho het performs the slaughter while the animal\rquote s head is in the air. This method is technically difficult and is only used in large slaughterhouses}{\insrsid1070781 under special conditions.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1070781 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 25.}}}{ \insrsid12259151 \par }{\insrsid4529478 Shehitah may also be performed on a suspended animal. One possible method involves a rotating platform, where the animal is attached by its legs to the platform}{\insrsid4486135 . When the platform reaches its turning point, it collapses and the animal drops and remains suspended with its legs in the air. A second possible method that is sometimes }{\insrsid2129021 used}{\insrsid4486135 is the tying to a pulley of one of the } {\insrsid2129021 animal\rquote s}{\insrsid4486135 hind legs. The animal is lifted and suspended in the air while the shehitah is performed from the side.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15219435 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 26-27.}}}{ \insrsid4486135 }{\insrsid4529478 \par }{\insrsid2704904 Many attempts have been made to make the casting process as harmless as possible to the animal. Some people believe that }{\insrsid16582185 a}{\insrsid2704904 casting process that involves lif}{\insrsid16582185 ting or flipping of the animal }{\insrsid2704904 causes the animal fear, if not pain. Methods have been developed to allow for }{\insrsid13830531 shehitah on a standing animal. In response to complaints that the casting process was c ruel to animals, the }{\insrsid2686987 Armour Research Foundation developed a pen to hold the }{\insrsid13830531 standing }{\insrsid2686987 animal during slaughter. }{\insrsid14506205 This foundation was originally employed by the Joint advisory Committee, representing major Jewish organizations, and was later funded in part by the }{\insrsid11565845 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (}{\insrsid14506205 A.S.P.C.A}{\insrsid11565845 .).}{\cs17\super\insrsid11565845 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 45.}}}{\insrsid14506205 }{\insrsid2686987 }{\insrsid13830531 This pen is known as either the \'93Kill Pen,\'94 the \'93Elizabeth Pen,\'94 or simply the \'93 A.S.P.C.A. Pen.\'94 }{\insrsid11165149 Using this method, the slaughter is performed on a 45\'b0 angle. Whether this method is permissible according to Jewish law is still a topic of debate. }{\cs17\super\insrsid16739894 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid668887 supra,}{ \insrsid1392348 at }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid668887 27}{\insrsid1392348 -28.}}}{\insrsid11165149 }{\insrsid13830531 \par }{\insrsid11821568 Every attempt has been made, and continues to be}{\insrsid16582185 made}{\insrsid11821568 , to improve the methods of casting }{\insrsid12588442 s}{\insrsid11821568 o as to prevent any cruelty to animals. }{\insrsid8589336 Many scientific and psychological experiments have been conducted to determine the effects of casting on animals. Studies have shown that animals may suffer from being placed in an abnormal position, and }{\insrsid4671858 the animals will }{ \insrsid8589336 immediately try to correct their positions. However, other studies have shown that }{\insrsid16210427 animals have a lesser reaction to painful stimuli while}{\insrsid4671858 they are}{\insrsid16210427 in an abnormal position than when they are in a normal position. Additionally, }{\insrsid1644424 veterinarians often use casting during various medical procedures}{\insrsid8388726 , which would imply that the method is not particularly inhumane}{ \insrsid8784141 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid10944657 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 109.}}}{\insrsid8784141 }{\insrsid10944657 \par }{\insrsid8784141 Abnormal positioning of animals causes them to experience a shock-like effect}{\insrsid10944657 . In }{\insrsid13042530 studying animal pathology in }{\insrsid10944657 1955, }{\insrsid10944657\charrsid13042530 Frei}{\insrsid10944657 showed that there are two stages of shock, the initial shock stage and the following stage of recovery and adapt ation. The animal must be slaughtered within the initial shock stage, which lasts several seconds. The quicker the casting, the longer the first stage shock reaction tends to }{\insrsid10489477 last. With the new techniques available for casting, the shehitah can take place within 10 to 15 seconds, well within the time of the first stage of shock.}{\cs17\super\insrsid10489477 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid4671858 Quicker casting with shehitah following soon thereafter is best for the animal}{\insrsid8388726 , with respect to it possibly feeling any pain.}{\insrsid275616 }{\insrsid8589336 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13921982 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11695257 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118303} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120045}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415141}After the Slaughter: B\rquote }{\insrsid16390280 dikah}{\cs17\super\insrsid9000009 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9000009 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The laws of \'93b\rquote dikah\'94 are discussed in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah, 29-60.}}}{\insrsid16390280 and}{\insrsid6906373 Nikur}{\cs17\super\insrsid4020934 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4020934 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The laws of \'93nikur\'94 are discussed in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah, 65.}}}{\insrsid2386350 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118303}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120045}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415141} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11695257 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11695257 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid14683416 Meat that is \'93nebelah}{\insrsid1660924 ,\'94 improperly slaughtered}{\insrsid1601773 ,}{\insrsid1660924 is not kosher for consumption. Additionally, m}{\insrsid4288426 eat that is \'93treifah\'94 may not be eaten. This word is commonly translated as \'93not kosher,\'94 but literally means \'93torn.\'94 The origin of the term\rquote s use stems from the passage}{\insrsid6906373 , \'93And you shall be a sancti}{\insrsid92182 fied people to me. And the flesh that has been torn (\'93treifah\'94) in the field may not be eaten, and should be cast to the dogs.\'94 (}{\insrsid6906373 Exodus 22:30}{\insrsid92182 ). }{\insrsid15344273 The phrase implie}{\insrsid4671858 s }{\insrsid15344273 two types of \'93treifah,\'94 }{\insrsid13182336 (1) }{\insrsid15344273 flesh torn from a live animal}{\insrsid13182336 ,}{\insrsid15344273 and }{ \insrsid13182336 (2) }{\insrsid275616 the flesh of }{\insrsid15344273 animals whose organs have been damaged by being torn. Both such defects would render the animal un-kosher. \par }{\insrsid13182336 With regard to the latter definition of \'93treifah,\'94 }{\insrsid264887 the types of }{\insrsid13182336 injuries and diseases that render an animal un-kos}{\insrsid264887 her are defects that affect the }{\insrsid13182336 major organs.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13182336 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 An animal is unfit if one of its major organs is defective such that it is missing, perforated, torn, poisoned, broken or injured in a fall. Major organs include the brain, heart, spinal column, jaw, e sophagus, crop (in fowl), lungs, trachea, liver, gall bladder, spleen, kidney, womb, intestines, omasum, abomasum, rumen, reticulum, legs, ribs, and hide. Rabbi Yacov Lipschutz, Kashruth 23 (Rabbi Nosson Scherman and Rabbi Meir Zlotowitz eds., The Artscr oll Series) (1988).}}}{\insrsid13457533 }{\insrsid1323428 If there is reason to suspect that an animal might be \'93treifah,\'94 an examination}{\insrsid8526798 }{\insrsid1323428 must be performed. }{\insrsid7299988 Under normal conditions}{ \insrsid264887 ,}{\insrsid7299988 }{\insrsid264887 most}{\insrsid7299988 animals do not suffer from disease or injury and need not be examined. }{\insrsid3095903 Whether certain animals must be examined, and which organs }{\insrsid264887 need be}{ \insrsid3095903 examined}{\insrsid7299988 ,}{\insrsid3095903 depends on the country and the tendency toward certain diseases in those countries. For example, in the United States it is customary to examine the intestines of fowl, since many have been found to have abscesses in that area.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid3095903 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid3095903 }{\insrsid8526798 It is }{\insrsid1122080 almost }{\insrsid8526798 always necessary to examine the lungs of all animals since they are often defected so as to render the animal unfit}{\insrsid7143783 for }{ \insrsid9505362 c}{\insrsid7143783 onsumption}{\insrsid8526798 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid4020934\charrsid4020934 }{\cs17\super\insrsid4020934 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4020934 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 An exception would be the lungs of fowl in the United States, which are not prone to defects and therefore do not require examination. }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 , at 24.}}}{\insrsid8526798 This examination}{\insrsid7143783 of the lungs }{\insrsid8526798 is called the \'93b\rquote dikah\'94 (lit. examination}{\insrsid1122080 ).}{\insrsid8526798 \par }{\insrsid997446 The b\rquote d}{\insrsid6308775 ikah process is very methodical, requiring both an internal and external examination. Fi}{\insrsid997446 rst the lungs are examined before they are removed from the chest cavity. The examiner (\'93bodek \'94) opens the diaphragm and reaches his hand inside the }{\insrsid7143783 chest }{\insrsid2427569 cavity. He passes his hand over the lobes of the lung}{\insrsid9455325 s}{\insrsid5639739 , thereby determining}{\insrsid2427569 whether there are adhesions on the lungs and whether }{\insrsid7143783 or not }{\insrsid2427569 the lungs are properly formed. The examiner then removes the lungs from the chest and examines them externally}{\insrsid5639739 to make sure there are no }{ \insrsid7143783 visible }{\insrsid5639739 defects}{\insrsid2427569 . }{\insrsid6308775 If the lungs are found to have no defect, they are described as \'93glatt\'94 kosher.}{\cs17\super\insrsid6308775 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The terms \'93glatt\'94 in Yiddish, and \'93hallak\'94 in Hebrew mean \'93smooth.\'94}}}{\insrsid6308775 }{\insrsid5639739 Kosher meat need not be \'93glatt.\'94 If adhesions are found on the lungs, as long as they can be peeled}{\insrsid9455325 off}{\cs17\super\insrsid2063072 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 This proc ess of peeling adhesions off of the lungs is referred to as \'93klipat hasirchot\'94 in Hebrew. This process is acceptable according to the Ashkenazic (Eastern European) tradition, but is impermissible according to the Sephardic (Spanish) tradition that require s only glatt meat. For this reason, glatt meat is always preferred, even in the Ashkenazic tradition. Even the Ashkenazic tradition only allows for the peeling of adhesions on fully grown cattle. For this reason, veal and lamb must always be glatt. Li pschutz, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5264075 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 25.}}}{\insrsid5639739 without perforating the lung}{\insrsid7143783 s}{\insrsid2063072 , the animal is still considered kosher. After the adhesion is peeled from the lung, the lung}{\insrsid7143783 }{\insrsid2063072 is inflated and the peeled area is placed in water so that the examiner can determine whether there has been a perforation. } {\insrsid997446 \par }{\insrsid9586930 The next step in the process of making meat kosher for consumption is known as \'93nikur\'94 }{\insrsid9245351 in Hebrew, and \'93traboring\'94 in Yiddish }{\insrsid9586930 (}{\insrsid13126963 porging, }{\insrsid9586930 de-veining, lit. to dig out). }{\insrsid4196875 The veins, arteries and forbidden fats are removed from the animal.}{\insrsid9245351 }{\insrsid4196875 }{\insrsid8211183 \par In order for an animal to be kosher, all of the blood must be removed. I}{\insrsid4196875 n order to enable this, }{\insrsid8211183 during nikur }{\insrsid4196875 all major arteries are severed and exposed before }{\insrsid12934633 \'93}{\insrsid4196875 koshering}{\insrsid12934633 \'94 to permit the free flow of blood during the }{\insrsid14686200 koshering process}{\insrsid12934633 that follows. Often these arteries are removed altogether from certain parts of the body, including the neck through the fore}{\insrsid11088292 -}{\insrsid12934633 shoulder and foreleg, the ribs, the brisket, the navel area and the tongue. }{\insrsid9245351 The heart is opened to }{\insrsid6381900 allow excess blood to flow out, and the brain membrane and neck glands are removed because the brain membrane consists of many blood vessels and the glands are saturated with }{\insrsid1451393 the blood from the slaughter. All clotted blood is either scraped or washed away before koshering. Blood blotches on meat or poultry are cut open to allow for the blood to flow out during the kos}{\insrsid11945737 hering. Other than the blood vessel in the neck which must either}{\insrsid944732 be}{\insrsid11945737 severed or removed, blood vessels in poultry need not be removed. Often the wing tips are clipped and the legs are cut at the knee joint}{ \insrsid1245592 s}{\insrsid11945737 to allow for free flow of the blood during the koshering process.}{\cs17\super\insrsid9111271 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 26-27.}}}{\insrsid11945737 }{\insrsid9111271 \par Jewish law prohibits the eating of the \'93hailev,\'94 the restricted fats of animals that are eligible for sacrifice at the Temple, which include cattle, sheep and goats.}{\cs17\super\insrsid2963893 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 \'93You shall not eat from the fats of the ox, sheep, or goat.\'94 Lev. 7:23.}}}{\insrsid16390280 }{\insrsid3749139 Ruminants}{\insrsid816582 have four stomachs, and the}{\insrsid16390280 forbidden fats are enumerated in the Talmud as the fat of th}{\insrsid816582 re}{\insrsid16390280 e }{\insrsid816582 of those }{ \insrsid16390280 stomachs\emdash }{\insrsid11360584 the omasum, abomasum}{\insrsid16390280 ,}{\insrsid12341736 and rumen. The peritoneum, a fatty watery membrane around the stomachs, is also prohibited, as well as the fat covering the kidneys and body cavity over the hind legs or the loins}{\insrsid1580479 , and the diaphragm upon which the liver rests. Traditionally, kosher meat is limited to those parts of the animal that are in the respiratory area, or front quarter of the animal, which extends to the twelfth rib. Those organs that are used fro m the intestinal area of the animal require the removal of fats}{\insrsid8347037 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid5645851 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lipschutz, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5264075 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid5264075 27}{\insrsid1392348 -30; Levinger, } {\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 144-45.}}}{\insrsid8347037 The meat of the hindquarter is not sold as kosher in the United States, and so}{\insrsid7670657 practically speaking,}{\insrsid8347037 there is typically}{\insrsid12529649 no need for the removal of }{\insrsid7670657 the }{\insrsid12529649 fats }{\insrsid8347037 in the hindquarter }{\insrsid7670657 or removal of}{\insrsid8347037 the \'93gid hanashe\'94\emdash the sciatic nerve}{\insrsid212850 \emdash which is also forbidden for consumption by Jewish law.}{\cs17\super\insrsid4611887 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The sciatic nerve comes from the rear of the spinal column and branches down throug h the entire hind leg. The prohibition of eating the sciatic nerve comes from Genesis, 32:25-33, where Jacob wrestles with an angel until dawn. Jacob refuses to release the angel, and so the angel wrenches Jacob\rquote s hip at the socket, asking to be let go. Jacob agrees to release the angel only if the angel agrees to give him a blessing. Verse }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13526970 33}{\insrsid1392348 reads, \'93}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13526970 That is why the children of Israel to this day do not eat the thigh muscle that is on the socket of the hip, since Jacob}{\insrsid1392348 \rquote }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13526970 s hip socket was wrenched at the thigh muscle.}{\insrsid1392348 \'94}}}{ \insrsid4611887 }{\insrsid15344273 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\pagebb\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12065979 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12194090 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118304} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120046}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415142}After the Slaughter: Koshering}{\cs17\super\insrsid9000009 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9000009 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The laws of \'93koshering\'94 are discussed in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah, 67-69.}}}{\insrsid12194090 and Washing{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118304} {\*\bkmkend _Toc99120046}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415142} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12194090 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12194090 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4001417 {\insrsid12194090 Jewish law prohibits the consumption of the blood of all animals and fowl}{\insrsid8988527 .}{ \cs17\super\insrsid8988527 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 \'93 And you must not consume any blood, whether it be fowl or beast.\'94 Lev. 7: 26. The prohibition is also stated in six other places, Gen. 9:4, Lev. 3:16, 17: 14, 19:26, and Deut. 12:23, 15:23.}}}{\insrsid12264062 }{\insrsid1069735 The}{ \insrsid12264062 original spurt of blood }{\insrsid1069735 during the shehitah }{\insrsid12264062 is referred to as \'93dam hanefesh,\'94}{\insrsid1069735 }{\insrsid12264062 the blood }{\insrsid1069735 of life}{\insrsid4738290 .}{ \cs17\super\insrsid12264062 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12264062 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 Rubenstein, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 7.}}}{\insrsid12264062 }{\insrsid4738290 Because the blood of the animal is seen as its life-source, the prohibition}{\insrsid4218778 against eating it is extremely severe}{ \insrsid13968048 . In biblical times, any violator of the prohibition was excommunicated. Ezekiel categorized the eating of blood in the same class of sins as }{\insrsid1074060 idolatry and murder, warning Israel that they would be exiled from their land for such transgressions.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1074060 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 12.}}}{\insrsid12264062 \par }{\insrsid1054614 There is no similar prohibition against eating the blood of }{\insrsid14105947 fish and }{\insrsid6508220 insects, as long as the species themselves are}{\insrsid14105947 kosher. The blood of flesh, bone}{\insrsid15889400 ,}{ \insrsid14105947 and muscle is forbidden once it flows from the tissue. As such, raw meat in its original state, that has been slaughtered properly, may be }{\insrsid5991597 eaten after it has been rinsed to remove surface blood. Veins and }{ \insrsid7670657 arteries must be removed because the blood}{\insrsid14614834 found within these vessels is forbidden even in the original, raw state. }{\insrsid12194090 \par }{\insrsid14614834 The blood must be removed from the meat prior to cookin}{\insrsid14314788 g, in a process known as \'93koshering.\'94 }{\insrsid14614834 When meat is}{\insrsid14314788 cooked, placed in hot water,}{\insrsid14614834 soaked for twenty-four hours, }{\insrsid14314788 or ground before koshering, }{\insrsid280209 while }{\insrsid14314788 the blood}{\insrsid14614834 }{\insrsid280209 may flow from the meat, it }{\insrsid14614834 is reabsorbed}{\insrsid14314788 into the meat and cannot be removed}{\insrsid14614834 . This renders the meat permanently un-kosher. }{\insrsid14314788 There are two acceptable methods for kosher}{\insrsid280209 i ng meat, salting and broiling, which make the meat available for consumption. Once the meat is properly koshered, any remaining juices that flow from the meat are permissible to eat.}{\cs17\super\insrsid280209 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lipschutz, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 30-31.}} }{\insrsid280209 }{\insrsid14314788 }{\insrsid14614834 \par }{\insrsid14092258 The following is a quick summary of the salting process}{\insrsid6425583 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid14092258 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The laws of \'93salting\'94 are discussed in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah, 69. }{\i\insrsid1392348 See}{\insrsid1392348 Lipschutz, }{ \i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 31-34 for an in-depth analysis of the salting process.}}}{\insrsid14092258 F}{\insrsid1119792 irst, th e meat is rinsed of all surface blood. Extra attention must be paid to the meat from the neck area where the shehitah was performed, since blood tends to gather and con}{\insrsid15008495 geal there after the slaughter. This blood must be scraped away before rinsing. }{\insrsid10362583 After rinsing all exposed surfaces of the meat, the meat must be soaked }{\insrsid15756321 in warm water}{\cs17\super\insrsid15814307 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The water must be between 50\'b0 F and 80\'b0 F because cold water stiffens the meat and hot water causes the blood to be reabsorbed into the meat.}}}{\insrsid15756321 }{\insrsid10362583 for one half hour, in order to soften the meat before the blood is extracted. }{\insrsid13707559 }{ \insrsid11956958 After the soaking, the meat is then rinsed a second time to wash off the bloody water from the soaking. The meat is then laid out to allow excess water }{\insrsid6425583 to }{\insrsid10558467 drip off of it}{\insrsid11956958 , so that when it is salted the water does not dissolve the salt. The meat must not be too dry, however, because this will }{\insrsid8274048 make the salting process ineffective. The meat is then completely covered in coarse salt, commonly called \'93 kosher salt.\'94 Any exposed surface of meat mus}{\insrsid9203432 t be covered in salt. The meat is then placed on a grate or an inclined smooth surface so as to a}{\insrsid10558467 llow the blood to drain freely. It is}{\insrsid9203432 left salted for one hour. }{\insrsid14686200 After this time, the meat is rinsed of the salt either by harsh rinsing three times or by three thorough soakings, each time in clean water. This process makes the meat kosher and ready for consumption.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid5119856 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lipschutz, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 30-34.}}}{\insrsid15814307 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid14686200 An alternate method for extracting the blood from the meat, is broiling}{\cs17\super\insrsid14299875 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The laws of \'93broiling\'94 are found in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De\rquote ah, 73, 76.}}}{\insrsid14686200 it.}{\insrsid5119856 In some instances, such as with koshering liver, only the broiling method is acceptable. The intensity of the heat }{\insrsid16191064 extracts the blood from the meat. First, the meat is rinsed with cold water. }{\insrsid6167138 Several g}{\insrsid16191064 rains of salt are }{\insrsid876720 then sprinkled}{\insrsid6167138 over the meat to aid in the koshering process. The rinsing and salting, however, are only added precautions and are not required. If the}{\insrsid15472826 meat is properly broiled without the rinsing and salt, the meat is still kosher. The meat may be broiled using any heat source, either from above or below}{\insrsid7864505 it. }{\insrsid15472826 The meat is placed on a rack or a spit, sin}{ \insrsid12418636 ce it may not l}{\insrsid7864505 ie in the extracted blood. It}{\insrsid6179280 must be broiled until the entire piece}{\insrsid12418636 is half-broiled}{\insrsid6179280 and the blood has been extracted. The meat may occasio nally be turned over during broiling to ensure that it is evenly broiled, though it should not be constantly turning. }{\insrsid7864505 It}{\insrsid1257224 may momentarily be removed from the heat when necessary during broiling. After the meat is broiled, it is usually rinsed with cool water to wash off any bloody re}{\insrsid7864505 sidue that may remain on i}{\insrsid1257224 t. However, if the meat is not rinsed, it is still considered kosher.}{\cs17\super\insrsid7090657 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lipschutz, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 35-38.}}}{\insrsid15472826 \par }{\insrsid7497906 During the post-Talmudic Gaonic period, 589 C.E. to 1038 C.E., the Gaonic sages determined that the soaking and salting process must be done within the first }{\insrsid8593974 72 }{\insrsid7497906 hours after the animal is slaughtered. After that, the blood has congealed in the capillaries to a point where it can no longer be presumed that the salting will extract it. After }{\insrsid8593974 72}{\insrsid7497906 hours, the meat may only be koshered using the broiling method. }{\insrsid8922518 This ruling led to the development of the \'93washing}{\insrsid11610117 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid10560655 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The laws of \'93washing\'94 are found in Shulhan Arukh-Yoreh De \rquote ah, 69.}}}{\insrsid8922518 process}{\insrsid7497906 , }{\insrsid8922518 in which the meat is soaked in water for approximately one half hour during the first }{\insrsid8593974 72 }{\insrsid8922518 hour period, }{\insrsid7497906 in order to prevent the blood }{\insrsid8922518 from }{\insrsid7497906 congealing}{\insrsid8922518 . This soaking}{\insrsid3278456 softens the capillaries to the same condition they are in during the }{\insrsid10642584 first }{\insrsid8593974 72}{ \insrsid3278456 hour period, so that the meat may be koshered by salting within the next seventy-two hour period instead. This process may be repeated again, if necessary, to extend the available period for koshering the meat another }{\insrsid8593974 72}{\insrsid3278456 hours.}{\cs17\super\insrsid7227529 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lipschutz, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid10769153 38-39.}}}{\insrsid10560655 }{\insrsid10255683 \par }{\insrsid10560655 Some rabbinic authorities maintain that a thorough rinsing is sufficient to extend the time-period}{\insrsid3425048 for koshering meat, though this is not universally accepted. When the rinsing method is used to extend the k oshering period, the meat is referred to as \'93washed meat,\'94 distinguishable from meat designated as \'93soaked and salted within 72 hours.\'94}{\insrsid5141329 Issues arise as to the status of frozen meat, and whether the 72 hour window applies to frozen meat as well, or whether the time begins to toll only after the meat is thawed. }{\insrsid2118829 Additionally, if}{\insrsid8593974 the 72}{\insrsid2118829 hour period has elapsed, and the meat is koshered via broiling, the meat should not undergo further processing, such as cooking, frying, etc. However, if it is cooked after b roiling by accident, it is still considered kosher. Some authorities maintain that this restriction does not apply to liver that is broiled}{\insrsid10255683 , since liver must always be broiled. Meat that has not yet been }{ \insrsid10255683\charrsid7278722 koshered s}{\insrsid10255683 hould not be stored, since it may accidentally be }{\insrsid11752777 koshered using the soaking and salting process instead of broiling. Liver, again, is excepted from this rule, since it will never accidentally be soaked and salted, as it must always be broiled, even within the first 72 hour period.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid11752777 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid7497906 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12065979 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid6906373 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118305} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120047}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415143}Contrast to Non-Kosher Slaughter}{\insrsid6906373\charrsid6906373 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118305}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120047}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415143} \par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7223927 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7223927 \par }{\insrsid11695257 The shehitah process greatly contrasts to the slaughter of animals for non-kosher meat. In }{\insrsid3031352 many }{\insrsid5208686 slaughter}{\insrsid11695257 houses where non-kosher meat is processed, the animal is first stunned by either a blow to the head with a sledge hammer or a shot with a bullet. This would automatically render the animal unfit as }{\insrsid2129021 kosher}{\insrsid11695257 meat. }{ \insrsid15024857 }{\insrsid11695257 Unfortunately, as will be}{\insrsid2692800 discussed below, this method has been}{\insrsid11695257 required in several countries}{\insrsid2692800 at various times}{\insrsid3241079 , making k}{\insrsid11695257 osher slaughtering impossible in those places}{\insrsid2436745 .}{\insrsid3031352 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid9001221 Tod ay, there are two categories of methods used in slaughter, (1) methods in which the brain tissue is destroyed; and (2) methods in which the brain function is stopped but the brain tissue is not directly destroyed.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13971800 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{ \insrsid1392348 at 121.}}}{\insrsid9001221 }{\insrsid13971800 \par One method }{\insrsid11880428 wher}{\insrsid8479675 e the brain function is stopped}{\insrsid11880428 but the brain tissue is not destroyed, }{\insrsid13971800 is stunning}{\insrsid11880428 the animal}{\insrsid13971800 before bleeding. While there is no direct prohibition against this in Judaism, most Jewish authorities do not accept this method. This is most likely because most of the stunning is done in such a way that it actually kills the animals}{ \insrsid8528547 in many}{\insrsid7296073 instances. There are various modes of stunning}{\insrsid285142 . Electric shock is commonly used in slaughtering pigs and poultry.}{\insrsid8528547 Jewish authorities have disapproved of this method for several reasons. First, clinical results differ on whether this process }{\insrsid9639539 is painful to animals, some finding it painless, others finding it extremely painful. Second, it is impractical since individual attention may not be available in large slaughterhouses to ensure that the el ectro-shock does not kill the animal before shehitah, and using high voltage electricity in a slaughterhouse where there is a lot of water may be dangerous for the workers}{\insrsid3288060 . }{\insrsid2106014 }{\insrsid3288060 Anesthesia using chemical agents has been proposed as an alternative, but this process would leave harmful drugs in the carcass}{\insrsid2106014 es, and may be uns}{\insrsid3288060 afe for human consumption. Gas stunning, using CO}{\sub\insrsid3288060 2} {\insrsid3288060 , }{\insrsid5929450 causes the animal to lose consciousness prior to the slaughter. However, physiological observations have shown greater muscular activity during these periods of unconsciousness, allowing }{\insrsid3241079 for }{ \insrsid5929450 the possibility that the animal does suffer, even while unconscious. Additionally, if the animal is}{\insrsid2106014 gassed for too long it may die prior to the slaughter.}{\insrsid5929450 }{\insrsid8596284 Jewish law requires that every animal be alive at the time of shehitah, which cannot be ensured using this process.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8596284 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 121-24.}}}{\insrsid8596284 \par }{\insrsid11880428 There are various methods of slaughter that involve damaging or destroying the brain tissue of the animal, all of which would render the animal \'93treifa}{\insrsid16399880 h}{\insrsid11880428 ,\'94 torn, and unfit for kosher cons umption. }{\insrsid4407583 The most common method is the bolt shot into the brain which destroys the medulla oblongata. This shot destroys the centers for respiration, blood pressure, and the main connections of the brain with the periphery. It is unclear whether the ani mal feels pain from the shot. In many cases the animal does not die right away, and }{\insrsid12789048 often the shot must be repeated if it was not aimed in the exact right spot. }{\insrsid3083096 European regulations show the exact location in the cortex of the brain where the shot must be made. }{\insrsid12789048 Another method is the pole axe, or shot without bolt. }{\insrsid2129021 Using this method, a blow is given to the head, which may or may not damage the head bones and muscles. }{\insrsid12789048 This method is not as effective as the bolt method. }{\insrsid13647557 A third method, which is no longer used, is the pithing of the medulla oblongata. This was done by pricking the atlanto-occipital foramen, between the head and neck of the animal. This destroyed the connection between the brain and the rest of the body. Because of the difficulty in fin ding the exact location}{\insrsid14238163 where the prick was to be made in order to be effective, the prick often had to be repeated several times.}{\insrsid2436745 None of these methods are acceptable according to Jewish law.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid2129021 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 125-27.}}}{\insrsid8596284 \par }{\insrsid2436745 If stunning is used, after the animal is stunned, it is shackled to a chain and hoisted to a trolley on an overhead rail. The animal\rquote s neck arteries are severed and its blood flows into a tank to be used for pharmaceuticals. The animal carcass is then cut with an electric saw and washed with hot water. This would also render the animal unfit for }{\insrsid2129021 kosher}{ \insrsid2436745 meat, since the animal is in essence being cooked in its own blood. The animal is then frozen and shipped to the butcher or turned into canned meat or sausage.}{\cs17\super\insrsid2436745 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2436745 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Rubenstein, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{ \insrsid1392348 at 7.}}}{\insrsid2436745 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8126972 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2907938 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118306} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120048}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415144}Part II: A History of Shehitah Practice}{\insrsid13921982 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99120048}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415144} \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2907938 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8126972 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120049} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415145}Sale of Non-Kosher Meat to Non-Jews{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118306}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120049}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415145} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7753458 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8126972 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid11884337 Other than from non-kosher slaughterhouses, an addition}{\insrsid6357248 al source of non-kosher meat is }{ \insrsid1408086 the unfit meat }{\insrsid11884337 from the kosher slaughterhouses}{\insrsid1408086 . }{\insrsid465472 Jewish law allows kosher slaughterhouses to sell meat that is either \'93nebelah,\'94 improperly slaughtered, or \'93treifah,\'94}{ \insrsid12788654 torn, to non-Jews. This allowance permits Jewish meat}{\insrsid6357248 -}{\insrsid12788654 dealers to cut their losses, }{\insrsid1531038 since otherwise the business of kosher meat sales would be prohibitively costly. However, this allowance is }{\insrsid12788654 limited to the sale of non-kosher meat that has }{\insrsid1531038 come into the possession of the Jewish meat}{\insrsid7753458 -}{\insrsid1531038 dealer unintentionally. That is, the meat dealer had to have purchased the animals hoping them to be found kosher, but the shohet then ruled them unfit. }{\insrsid9447065 Only a}{\insrsid8126972 s a default, the meat-dealer is allowed to }{\insrsid9447065 sell the non-kosher meat; he cannot have purchased the animal knowing it would not be kosher}{\insrsid5195781 or slaughtered improperly}{\insrsid9447065 . }{\insrsid1640866 Additionally, Jewish meat}{\insrsid6357248 -}{\insrsid1640866 dealers often sell }{\insrsid6357248 to non-Jews }{\insrsid1640866 the hind-portion of cattle, which is forbidden to Jews.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1640866 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 208-13.}}}{ \insrsid1640866 }{\insrsid465472 \par }{\insrsid6689320 The sale of non-kosher meat to non-Jews }{\insrsid10965414 i}{\insrsid6689320 s advantageous to both the Jewish seller, who otherwise }{\insrsid10965414 loses}{\insrsid6689320 out on any profit, and the }{\insrsid12790545 gentile }{ \insrsid6689320 buyer, who }{\insrsid10965414 can}{\insrsid6689320 purchase high-quality meat at reduced prices. }{\insrsid10965414 However, throughout history }{\insrsid8010198 the meat trade between Jewish meat-dealers and the ir gentile neighbors has been curtailed due to various prejudices and religiou}{\insrsid6295368 s restrictions. Such restrictions placed an enormous burden on Jewish meat-dealers and slaughter}{\insrsid1324618 er}{\insrsid6295368 s, and by extension the communities in which they lived. If the slaughterer and deal}{\insrsid5328950 er were unable to sell the non-k}{\insrsid6295368 osher portion of animal}{\insrsid5328950 s, the entire k}{\insrsid4593439 osher meat enterprise would be inefficient from a cost-profit analysis. Slaughterers and sellers would have little incentive to engage in an enterprise in which they would be losing money due to }{\insrsid12845269 loss from the inability to sell a portion of the meat. Unfortunately, such situations}{\insrsid1324618 have}{\insrsid12845269 arisen repeatedly for hundreds of years.}{\insrsid4593439 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12194090 {\insrsid6295368 }{\insrsid926439 \tab }{\insrsid15468391 During }{\insrsid5587528 certain periods, }{\insrsid8397603 the Christian Church}{ \insrsid5587528 has }{\insrsid8397603 disfavor}{\insrsid5587528 ed the sale of meat }{\insrsid8397603 to Christians by}{\insrsid5587528 Jewish vendors}{\insrsid8397603 . }{\insrsid5587528 }{\insrsid2834265 Until approximately the }{\insrsid9264091 year 1000 C.E., the Christian Church fo}{\insrsid9189077 rbade eating idolatrous meat and meat from }{\insrsid9264091 animals wh}{\insrsid13663423 ose blood had not been drained}{\insrsid8397603 , both contemporary Roman practices}{\insrsid5844770 . Meat from Jewish vendors did not fall into either of these categories}{\insrsid16524189 and was readily purchased by Christians}{\insrsid5844770 . By the year 1000 C.E.}{\insrsid13663423 , the Church no longer stressed a prohibition against eating blood}{\insrsid15468391 . Two possible }{\insrsid16524189 explanations are given for this: (1) the clergy realized that the majority of European Christians were accustomed to eating blood}{ \insrsid13790298 and were unwilling to comply with the prohibition, so enforcement attempts would be futile; (2) the clergy }{\insrsid412657 wanted to remove all Jewish influence on their Christian followers and so ended the blood prohibition which was a }{\insrsid13790298 Jew}{\insrsid412657 ish regulation.}{\cs17\super\insrsid412657 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 213-16. }}}{\insrsid412657 }{\insrsid14572604 At around the same time the Church stopped enforcing the blood prohibition, }{\insrsid8151642 the clergy began to disfavor meat purchases from Jewish vendors. The Church did not want the business to foster further relationships between Christians and Jews, and it thought that the meat sales reflected negatively on Christian standing since the Christians would be buying meat that was}{\insrsid2834265 not worthy enough for the Jews to eat themselves.}{\cs17\super\insrsid2834265 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15863688 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 216. }}}{\insrsid2834265 }{\insrsid4539922 The first documented expression of condemnation for the sale of Jewish meat to Christians was in an epistle entit}{\insrsid6057673 led, \'93On the Insolence of the Jews,\'94 sent to Emperor Louis the Pious by Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons in the year 829. }{\insrsid680351 Agobard complained that \'93when Jews slaughter an animal, having a defect, they sell the meat to Christians, and in their pride call the animals, meat for Christians, \lquote christina pecora.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid680351 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 217. (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15863688 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 Charles J. Hefele, \'93 Histoire des Conciles,\'94 Vol. 4. Edited by Leclercq, Paris 1911. }{\i\insrsid1392348 Quoting}{\insrsid1392348 Migne P.L. t 104 col 69 ff).}}}{\insrsid1204514 While}{\insrsid5930948 Emperor }{\insrsid13248021 Louis the Pious paid little attention to Agobard\rquote s complaints, this was the beginning of an onslaught of Church and royal decrees throughout Europe}{\insrsid2062569 for many hund reds of years forbidding the sale of Jewish meat to Christians, and in many cases forbidding the practice of Shehitah altogether. }{\insrsid6234869 The sale of meat by Jews to Christians was prohibited in the Papal States all the way through the middle of the 19}{\super\insrsid6234869\charrsid6234869 th}{\insrsid6234869 Century}{\insrsid12321203 . Because of these restrictions on the sale of Jewish meat, a trade pattern evolved to circumvent the edicts, where Jews became the slaughterers and Chris}{\insrsid1456790 tians became the meat-}{\insrsid13590477 dealers.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13590477 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{ \insrsid1392348 at 221, 223.}}}{\insrsid6689320 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid14559623 Islam also has several restrictions on the slaughter of animals for consumption}{\insrsid1851479 ,}{ \cs17\super\insrsid1456790 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Meat of animals slaughtered according to Muslim tradition is known as \'93halal\'94 meat.}}}{\insrsid1851479 largely similar to the Jewish s}{\insrsid14559623 hehitah process. Islam requires cutting the animal}{\insrsid990942 \rquote }{ \insrsid14559623 s t}{\insrsid1601037 hroat }{\insrsid1851479 with a sharp knife. Additionally, Islam }{\insrsid1601037 formal}{\insrsid1851479 ly require}{\insrsid1601037 s that the animal\rquote s head be pointed in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and that the slaughterer recite a benediction before the slaughter. }{\insrsid6443142 Because of these additional requirements by which the Jewish shohet did not abide, many Muslims refused to buy meat from Jews}{\insrsid12150104 . }{\insrsid990942 By the 16}{\super\insrsid990942\charrsid990942 th}{\insrsid990942 Century, Muslims no longer insisted that animals be orientated toward Mecca at the time of slaughter. Muslims began to purchase Jewish meat}{\insrsid622356 , and do so for the most part today, though not universally.}{\cs17\super\insrsid622356 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{ \insrsid1392348 at 227-33.}}}{\insrsid6689320 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2907938 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3433984 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118307} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120050}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415146}Europe: }{\insrsid9726997 Anti-Shehitah and }{\insrsid4852665 Humane Slaughter Legislation}{\insrsid3433984 through W}{\insrsid2907938 orld }{\insrsid3433984 W}{\insrsid2907938 ar }{\insrsid3433984 II and }{\insrsid7148160 its Aftermath}{\insrsid4852665 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118307}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120050}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415146} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8462693 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8462693 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid8462693 Throughout Europe, the shehitah process has faced vigorous opposition for hundre}{\insrsid1464684 ds of years. This opposition i}{\insrsid8462693 s based on a combination of factors}{\insrsid3232002 , mostly the purported inhumanity of the shehitah process and underlying anti-Semitism. }{\insrsid8462693 The accusation of inhumanity in the shehitah method stemmed from the medieval European belief that Jews were cruel and bloodthirsty. The accusation was sustained by the fact that s}{\insrsid3224916 hehitah }{\insrsid8462693 appear}{\insrsid3224916 s}{ \insrsid8462693 to be particularly gory due to extreme exsanguination and pos}{\insrsid3232002 t-mortem convulsive movements.}{\cs17\super\insrsid3232002 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 234-35.}}}{ \insrsid3224916 As a result, at different times, anti-shehitah legislation has been pa}{\insrsid4527415 ssed in many European countries. The history of such legislation in several of these countries will be discussed in detail below.}{ \insrsid3224916\charrsid8462693 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783739 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid805906 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118308} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120051}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415147}Switzerland}{\insrsid12208223\charrsid12208223 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118308}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120051}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415147} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4852665 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4852665\charrsid4852665 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid1733247 In September 1893, Switzerland became the first govern ment to introduce humane slaughter legislation, requiring that the animal be stunned prior to slaughter, so that }{\insrsid4852665 the animal }{\insrsid1733247 would be insensible to pain.}{\insrsid7223420 The original stunning method }{\insrsid4852665 of hitting the animal over the head with a hammer was later replaced by a bolt pistol.}{\cs17\super\insrsid16280507 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 35. }}}{\insrsid4852665 }{\insrsid16280507 }{\insrsid11082434 This legislation was first introduced in the Canton of }{\insrsid12208223 Aargau (}{\insrsid11082434 Aragon}{\insrsid12208223 )}{\insrsid11082434 , where the Jewish community w}{\insrsid161606 as}{\insrsid11082434 unwilling to accept the stunning procedure}{\insrsid161606 since in most cases the stunning procedure broke the skull of the animal, piercing the brain\rquote s protective membrane. This would render the animal unfit for kosher meat.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid15742519\charrsid15742519 }{\insrsid2847031 While the Jewish community was willing to accept the humane intent of the legislation, they questioned whether the real motivation was anti-Semitism which was on the rise in Switze rland at that time.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15742519 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15742519 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid3432932 The entire Jewish Swiss population totaled only 8,386 people, and they faced much anti-Semitism.}{\cs17\super\insrsid9384682 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 237.}}}{ \insrsid3432932 }{\insrsid4810754 \par }{\insrsid15742519 In 1867 shehitah was pro}{\insrsid7223420 hibited by law in Aargau and St.}{\insrsid15742519 Gall. The Swiss Constitution was revised in 1874, granting civic equality to Jews}{\insrsid2573896 , forcing the question of whether the anti-shehitah legislation was unconstitutional in that it went against Article 50:1, which granted religious liberty.}{\insrsid2847031 Before this issue was decided, the Aargau Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals petitioned the Sw}{\insrsid1460276 is}{\insrsid2847031 s government for the passage of a humane slaughter act.}{\insrsid2232808 The }{\insrsid4810754 Orthodox Swiss Jews }{\insrsid2232808 countered this proposition, as it would indirectly deny them the right to perform shehitah.}{\cs17\super\insrsid2232808 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 236.}}}{ \insrsid4810754 }{\insrsid10385856 Making matters worse, }{\insrsid6771091 two }{\insrsid10385856 reform rabbis of the German Haskallah (enlightenment) movement}{\insrsid6380784 ,}{\insrsid14508404 which rejected all Jewish dietary laws}{ \insrsid10385856 , }{\insrsid14508404 Leopold Stein of Frankfort and J. Stern of Stuttgart, }{\insrsid4810754 issued a statement that s}{\insrsid4925777 hehitah was not a religious precept. The Christian anti-shehitah group used this statement as a basis for its battle against shehitah, claiming that since it was not a religious precept it should not enjoy federal protection by law.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid6771091 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 35-36; Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 236.}}}{\insrsid4925777 }{\insrsid138750 The Swiss government determined that while shehitah restrictions might }{\insrsid9384682 limit}{ \insrsid138750 freedom of religion, th}{\insrsid6771091 e cantons were free to adopt}{\insrsid14508404 regulations for the humane treatment of animals.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14508404 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 237.}}}{ \insrsid9067205 The anti-shehitah proponents }{\insrsid6771091 began a campaign for a national plebiscite}{\insrsid9384682 to vote on outlawing shehitah nationally. To get this they needed }{\insrsid6771091 50,000 signatures}{\insrsid9384682 . }{ \insrsid9067205 With 82,000 signatures}{\insrsid3432932 , a national plebiscite was arranged. }{\insrsid6771091 Eventually the national anti-shehitah law was put into effect, despite vehement opposition from both Jewish and Catholic leaders, who saw this as an anti-religious attack on the Jews.}{\cs17\super\insrsid6771091 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6771091 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{ \insrsid1392348 at 35-36. }}}{\insrsid6771091 }{\insrsid3943143 Based on the results of the plebiscite it is clear that the anti-shehitah proponents were mostly German Protestants. The predominantly German Catholic, French Protestant, French Catholic and Italian Catholic cantons all voted against shehitah prohibition}{\insrsid884498 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid884498 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Rabbi Isaac Lewin, Rabbi Michael L Munk, & Rabbi Jeremiah J. Berman, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid8868618 Religious Freedom: The Right to Practice Shehitah}{\insrsid1392348 28-33 (1946). The Berlin correspondent of the \'93Frankfurter Zeitung,\'94 commented in the August 22, 1893 issue, \'93When one exam ines the matter closely and weighs the men who promote and defend the petitions against Shehitah, one cannot avoid the conclusion that what we witness in Switzerland is anti-Semitism using the guise of humanitarianism. This anti-Semitism seeks to win for its purposes sentimental people who are innocent of the subject of animal slaughtering, but who, when once won over, are used to demonstrate the size of the opposition to Jews.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 31. }}}{\insrsid884498 } {\insrsid1516856 The }{\insrsid8941728 anti-shehitah prohibition was incorporated into the Federal Constitution as Article 25}{\insrsid1598565 b}{\insrsid8941728 . It read, \'93 It is expressly forbidden to bleed meat animals without preliminary stunning. This regulation applies to all methods of slaughtering and to all species}{\insrsid14253370 of animals.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid14253370 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 238.}}}{ \insrsid1516856 The Swiss government did not}{\insrsid14228 approve of this clause and did everything in its power to limit its application, including the non-issuance of regulations concerning its enforcement.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14228 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{ \insrsid1392348 at 31. }}}{\insrsid6771091 \par }{\insrsid9311852 Practically speaking, this law had little effect on Swiss Jews who were still allowed to slaughter fowl}{\insrsid6380784 ,}{\cs17\super\insrsid14228 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 The B undes Gericht decided, on October 24, 1907, that the restriction did not apply to slaughtering fowl. The court declared, \'93 To impose penalty for the ritual slaughtering of fowl would be rather to violate Article 50 of the Constitution guaranteeing religious freedom.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 32 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15869645 Quoting}{ \insrsid1392348 Walther Burckhardt, \'93Schweizerisches Bundesrecht,\'94 Frauenfeld, 1931, Part VIII, page 53). }}}{\insrsid9311852 and were still allowed to import kosher meat from neighboring countries.}{\cs17\super\insrsid9311852 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 250.}}}{\insrsid9311852 During World War I,}{\insrsid2118382 the Bundesrat, which had special powers during the war, }{\insrsid9311852 temporarily permitted }{\insrsid2118382 shehitah }{\insrsid9311852 in Switzerland}{\insrsid2118382 since kosher meat could not be obtained from the neighboring countries. }{\insrsid7502546 During World War II,}{\insrsid3619826 representatives of the Jewish c}{\insrsid7502546 ommunities and of the Rabbinical Assembly petitioned the Veterinary Department of the Swiss Government to allow shehitah, as they once again were unable to obtain meat from the neighboring countries. }{\insrsid12518698 The Veterinary Department insisted that they would need to apply narcotics to render the animal unconscious }{\insrsid1989910 prior to the slaughter. T}{\insrsid12518698 his proposal was originally rejected as tantamount to a prohibition against shehitah, as all methods of narcotics used until then had been found unacceptable accordi}{\insrsid11610048 ng to Jewish law. However, Dr. T}{\insrsid1989910 .}{\insrsid11610048 Lewenstein, Chief Rabbi of the Orthodox Community of Zurich, met with the head of the Veterinary Department and arranged for e}{\insrsid11951927 xperimentation }{\insrsid1989910 of performing}{\insrsid11951927 shehitah on}{\insrsid11610048 animals t hat had been rendered unconscious and then showed signs of reawakening. This arrangement was approved by }{\insrsid10775547 the Rabbinical Assembly after receiving approval from nine of the greatest Talmudic authorities living worldwide at that time. }{ \insrsid10187320 The following conditio ns were instated: (1) this method only be employed in Switzerland; (2) it would be understood that this method was instituted because of special conditions in Switzerland at that time; (3) it would be followed only as long as meat could not be imported fr om abroad; (4) it would be followed}{\insrsid2644127 only as long as the present approved shohetim and the present rabbis were functioning in their present posts; and (5) it would be employed only as long as no three of these rabbis forbade it. However, because of a change in circumstances, this allowance never became effective and several days after the first shehitah was scheduled to be performed three rabbis of the Rabbinical Assembly forbid the procedure.}{\cs17\super\insrsid2644127 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 251-52.}}}{ \insrsid9311852 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783739 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7949400 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118309} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120052}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415148}Germany}{\insrsid11108034 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118309}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120052}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415148} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7949400 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7949400 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid7949400 While Switzerland was the first country to pass anti-shehitah legislation in 1893}{\insrsid13653074 ,}{ \cs17\super\insrsid5787094 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 It was German influence in Switzerland that is believed to have impacted on the passing of the anti-Shehitah legislation in Switzerland.}}}{\insrsid13653074 }{\insrsid7949400 the first time shehitah became an issue of parliamentary discussion was in the Landtag of Baden, in Germany in 1864. }{\insrsid7803610 A bill to require stunning prior to slaughter was introduced in the house, but was defeated.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid7803610 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 22. (C}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5793054 iting}{\insrsid1392348 \'93Verhandlungen des Badischen Lantags,\'94 March 12, 1930, page 1958).}}}{\insrsid4609396 The issue aros e once again in 1887 in the German Reichstag. The German }{\insrsid7758768 Animal Protection Societies petitioned the Reichstag regarding the treatment of animals, requesting that a law be passed requiring that animals be rendered unconscious prior to their slaughter. However, }{\insrsid13653074 this proposal was postponed with regard to its effects on shehitah, by an }{\insrsid7758768 almost unanimous}{\insrsid13653074 vote.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8419910 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 (}{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5793054 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 \'93Stenographische Berichte ueber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags,\'94 May 18, 1887). }}}{\insrsid2698017 The only pre-Hitler anti-shehitah regulation was a decree issued by the Minister of the Interior, Herr von Metzsch, of the Kingdom of Saxony}{\insrsid15025646 in 1892}{\insrsid7345811 ,}{\cs17\super\insrsid9907908 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 238-39. The Minister of the Interior wrote, \'93There is no good reason to make an exception, as has been requested by the Jews, in case of the provision concerning the moral status of the matter, which is not all concerned with religion, bu t simply with the consideration of the prevention of cruelty to animals; for it is apparent that any ritual custom, of however long standing, and having its origin in variable human decrees, does not deserve any consideration if it is calculated to give m oral offense, or if it is at variance with the general laws of the government. The Ministry of the Interior cannot decide to allow the petitioner exceptional treatment of Jewish slaughtering, especially since it would be considered by the great majority of the people as an unjustifiable favor to an isolated minority.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid15025646 and was finally repealed in 1910}{\insrsid7345811 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid16674091 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 22, 25-26. Paragraph 6 was added to the slaughtering law which provided that paragraphs 4 and 5, which made stunning mandatory, did not apply to the \'93Shehitah slaughtering prescribed by the Jewish religion.\'94 This action was taken in response the Medical Faculty of the University of Dresden\rquote s statement that shehitah was not inhumane. Attempts were made again in 1914 to require preliminary stunning in Saxony, but this motion was defeated. }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid2698017 }{\insrsid7345811 }{\insrsid2698017 This r}{\insrsid7345811 uling required that all animals other than fowl}{\insrsid2698017 be rendered unconscious by a slaughtering mask before being bled.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid15025646 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 22.}}}{\insrsid2698017 }{\insrsid1015114 This anti-shehitah legislation was interpreted as a reflection of the anti-Semitic sentiment in Saxony at that time. }{\insrsid7424795 However, a }{\insrsid15874879 somewhat, though not completely, }{\insrsid7424795 different sentiment was revealed in other }{\insrsid7801397 districts. }{\insrsid1015114 In 1893, The Minister of the Interior of Prussia issued an order}{\insrsid7424795 annulling all local shehitah prohibitions.}{\cs17\super\insrsid7424795 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 This order annulled an act by the Magistrate and Police Director of Hamburg, Prussia, on February 24, 1893, stating that, \'93 Slaughtering according to the Jewish ritual by means of Shehitah is forbidden.\'94 (Par. 8) and a regulation promulgated by the President of the Royal Government in W. Prussia on June 14, 1893, requiring that, \'93 In slaughtering any animal, it should be stunned by a blow upon its head before the blood is let. In public abattoirs Shehitah accor ding to the Jewish ritual may be allowed exceptionally by government order. This permission is subject to withdrawal at any time.\'94 (Par. 1) }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 23 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3356743 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 \'93Gutachten ueber das juedisch-rituelle Schlachtverfahren,\'94 Berlin, 1894, p. III).}}}{\insrsid6309111 Anti- shehitah legislation was proposed in the Petition Commission of the Chamber of Deputies of Bavaria}{\insrsid6375612 in }{\insrsid8547936 February }{\insrsid6375612 1894, the Landtag of Schwartzburg-Sonderhausen in }{\insrsid8547936 July }{\insrsid6375612 1897, the Landesversammlung of the Duchy of Brunswick in }{\insrsid8547936 March }{\insrsid6375612 1898, the Landtag of Baden in }{ \insrsid8547936 April }{\insrsid6375612 1899, the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in }{\insrsid8547936 December }{\insrsid6375612 1899}{\insrsid14640031 , and}{\insrsid8547936 in the German Reichstag in February 1897, and again in January and April of 1899. All of }{\insrsid15874879 these proposals were defeated.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15874879 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 24.}}}{ \insrsid15874879 However, the motiva}{\insrsid13316773 tion behind their proposals was}{\insrsid15874879 mostly interpreted as anti-Semitic.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15874879 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Willhelm Liebknecht, famed liberal deputy of the Reichstag stated: \'93You can say what you will\emdash I don\rquote t want to provoke an anti-Semitic debate, but that you did not bring up this motion only out of the love for animals and to prevent their mistreatment, but much more in order to torment our fellow citizens, the Jews\emdash this is for me, as well as for all members of this house, beyond the slightest doubt\'85 I expect\emdash with good reason, as the debate shows\emdash that the house will by an overwhelming majority decide not to deal any more with this matter. You (pointing to the anti-Semites) come with these matters a little too late. Your time is past. And it is really regrettable that such a motion could be at all brought up in the German Reichstag.\'94 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3216136 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 \'93Stenographische Berichte ueber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags,\'94 April 25, 1899, page 1926). }}}{\insrsid7230072 }{\insrsid10496660 \par }{\insrsid3499272 Not all directives were proposed with anti-shehitah motivation. }{\insrsid7230072 The Minister of the Interior of Wuerttemburg}{\insrsid1267387 issued a slaughtering order in 1903, which both required stunning prior to slaughter and exempted shehitah from that requirement in the following paragraph. }{\insrsid3499272 Additionally, the throat cutting method without stunning}{\insrsid16674091 , similar to the shehitah method,}{\insrsid3499272 was approved by the Prussian military authorities and became mandatory in factories producing preserved meats for the Prussian army}{\insrsid8936140 ,}{\insrsid3499272 due to the hu mane and hygienic nature of this slaughtering method.}{\cs17\super\insrsid16674091 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 24-25.}}}{\insrsid14640031 On January 12, 1911}{\insrsid15891426 ,}{\insrsid10496660 the Reichstag adopted an amendment to Article 360 of the new criminal code, which read}{\insrsid5137971 ,}{\insrsid10496660 \'93State regulations which interfere with the ritual prescriptions of any religious groups in the matter of animal slaughtering are not allowable.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid10496660 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 26. (}{\i\insrsid1392348 C}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid9307494 iting}{\insrsid1392348 \'93Stenographische Berichte ueber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags, \'94 January 12, 1911, p. 3801).}}}{\insrsid748019 During World War I, the throat}{\insrsid5137971 -}{\insrsid748019 cut method of slaughter was prohibited, in attempts to conserve animal blood for consumption. However, an exception was made for shehitah.}{\insrsid13790595 The Bundesrat allowed the practice of shehitah throughout the war.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid13790595\charrsid13790595 }{\cs17\super\insrsid13790595 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13790595 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 . The motivation for the exception was explained by the Reich Chancellor: \'93 There is no intention to prohibit Jewish Shehitah also. The preservation for human use of that blood which is now lost as a result of the Jewish ritual Shehitah-cut is not of such vital importance so as to ju stify ignoring the religious oppression of orthodox Jewish fellow citizens and invading the statutes of a recognized religious community in Germany with penal laws.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid9307494 Citing }{\insrsid1392348 Reichstags drucksachen d. 13 Legislatur Periode, 2nd Session 1914/1917, No. 1039).}}}{\insrsid8419910 \par }{\insrsid15544653 When the Nazis rose to power, shehitah became outlawed in Germany}{\insrsid5794827 . }{\insrsid2702219 The Nazis argued that shehitah was cruel, and used this as a tool to instill the belief that the Jews themselves were cruel.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid2702219 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702219 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 Theodor Fritsch\rquote s \'93Handbuch der Judenfrage,\'94 which published 39 editions and 200,000 copies by 1935, argued, \'93 The Jew denies the existence of cruelty in Shehitah. From his point of view he is correct, for his inner feelings, being those of a diffe rent and a lower race, differ and must differ from ours. Considering that the Jew has no pity for human beings (witness the cruelty, for example, in the white slave traffic, a trade plied mostly by Jews) how can he be expected to possess pity for animals . Only out of these rave contrasts can we explain the opposite opinions concerning Shehitah held by us Germans and the Jews.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 48-52. (Citing Theodor Fritsch, \'93Handbuch der Judenfrage,\'94 39}{ \super\insrsid1392348\charrsid6424747 th}{\insrsid1392348 Edition, Leipzig, 1935, p. 144). In 1938, \'93Der Stuermer\'94 published a brochure titled \'93The Poison Mushroom,\'94 including a section called \'93How Jews Torture Animals.\'94 The closing line of the book is a quotation by Julius Streicher, \'93Who fights against the Jew fights against the Devil.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid2702219 }{\insrsid14287150 The National Socialist}{\insrsid13907714 Group}{ \insrsid14287150 proposed that the government examine the question of the humane slaughter of animals in the Landtag of Hesse in 1926}{\insrsid7147649 , but the motion lost. Again in 1930 a bill was introduced that would require preliminary stunning }{ \insrsid6445857 of animals prior to slaughter. }{\insrsid7147649 This bill was pass}{\insrsid5137971 ed, but paragraph five, }{\insrsid7147649 which would have outlawed shehitah}{\insrsid5137971 ,}{\insrsid7147649 was deleted.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid15022635\charrsid15022635 }{\cs17\super\insrsid15022635 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15022635 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 A stenographic record of the Landtag meeting captures the anti-Semitic sentiment of the proposal. \'93 Dr. Werner: I say that a religious minority should conform to the cultural level of the majority (interruptions). Dr. West: A real Nazi! Dr Werner: Certainly, in such matters the moral religious viewpoint of the majority should decide.\'94 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 53-54. }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5381229 (Citing}{\insrsid1392348 Verhandlungen des Landtags des Volksstaates Hessen, \'93December 11, 1930, pp. 2413-2415).}}}{\insrsid7147649 }{\insrsid6445857 }{ \insrsid8858896 In March 1933, a few months after Hitler rose to power, a decree was issued requiring stunning prior to slaughtering cattle, and was then extended to apply to fowl as well.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8858896 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 54.}}}{ \insrsid8858896 }{\insrsid15891426 }{\insrsid8858896 In 1926 and again in 1927, an anti-shehitah bill was proposed and passed in the Landtag of Bavaria, but the government refused to act, finding the provisions contrary to the German Constitutional right to freedom of religion.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8858896 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{ \insrsid1392348 ., at 54-55. The Bavarian Government believed that, \'93In view o f Article 135 of the German Constitution of August 11, 1919 and of Articles 17 and 18 of the Bavarian Constitution of August 14, 1919, which guarantee full religious freedom and unhampered exercise of religion within the limits of the laws, the adoption o f the motion will be offensive to the religious sentiments of Jews.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id. }{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5381229 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 \'93Verhandlungen des Bayerischen Landtags,\'94 July 8, 1926, pages 737 and 742).}}}{\insrsid8858896 }{\insrsid13399448 \par }{\insrsid5794827 The Bavarian Diet }{\insrsid13574414 finally }{\insrsid5794827 passed an anti-shehitah law }{\insrsid13574414 in }{\insrsid5794827 January 1930. }{\insrsid14614944 Two}{\insrsid1460276 National Socialist}{\insrsid14614944 anti-shehitah}{\insrsid1460276 motion}{\insrsid14614944 s were }{\insrsid1460276 raised in the Landtag of Baden in 1930, but}{\insrsid14614944 failed. It was observed, by Socialist, Deputy Kurz, that \'93this motion offered by the National Social ists is motivated not by the desire to dispatch animals in humane fashion, but beyond doubt by race hatred directed at Jews\'85}{\insrsid9899866 .}{\insrsid14614944 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid14614944 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 62-63.}}}{ \insrsid3216103 W}{\insrsid10709326 hen the Nazis assumed control, }{\insrsid13724710 t}{\insrsid5794827 he Reich Commissar of Baden issued a decree in April 1933 forbidding shehitah }{\insrsid12716974 in Baden, and ou tlawing the importation of kosher meat to its territory. Penalties included a minimum jail time of one month, and a monetary fine from 150 to 1500 Reichsmarks.}{\cs17\super\insrsid12716974 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 243-44. }} }{\insrsid3216103 \par }{\insrsid10709326 In Prussia, a motion, modified by the Committee on Agriculture, was passed in }{\insrsid2908224 1928 that}{\insrsid10709326 read: \'93 Slaughter of animals according to the ritual of Shehitah may not exceed the needs of the Jewish population for kosher slaughtere}{\insrsid6512636 d meat. The ban upon \lquote wild Shehitah\rquote (done incorrectly or by unauthorized persons) should be enforced more strictly.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid6512636 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 60. (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid10906299 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 \'93 Sitzungsberichte des Preussischen Landtags,\'94 March 21, 1928, p. 25,905).}}}{\insrsid9899866 }{\insrsid6512636 In 1932 the Nazi}{\insrsid10105337 s}{\insrsid6512636 introduced a motion }{\insrsid2908224 to require stunni}{\insrsid10108891 ng, but the motion was rejected. }{\insrsid10569731 Several Prussian localities adopted ind}{\insrsid13850512 ependent ordinances forbidding s}{\insrsid10569731 hehitah, but the Minister of the Interior annulled these regulations as violating the German constitutional right to freedom of religion}{\insrsid290131 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid290131 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 .}}}{\insrsid13382258 }{ \insrsid3216103 \par }{\insrsid13382258 The Landtag of Thurin}{\insrsid6318080 g}{\insrsid13382258 ia struck down motions for anti-shehitah legislation in 1927 and again in 1931.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13382258 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 , at 65. The 1931 vote followed months of debate. Many argued that a shehitah prohibition would hurt Thuringian tourism by keeping Jews away from its vacation spots. Deputy Sauckel, a National Socialist, argued in the Landtag, \'93 And if the Jews will avoid the watering and vacation places in Thuringia, well, we will have accomplished our aim\'85\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid10906299 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 IV. Abteilung stenog. Berichte, Band I, p. 1050). Despite National Socialist support, the proposal was defeated.}}}{\insrsid6041370 In 1}{\insrsid9316609 932}{\insrsid13850512 ,}{\insrsid6041370 }{\insrsid13850512 the }{\insrsid6041370 Thuringian State Ministry issued a decree requiring preliminary stunning, }{\insrsid666312 essentially}{\insrsid13850512 outlawing shehitah, effective April 1933}{\insrsid13250057 . In 1931, the}{\insrsid9316609 National Socialist group presented a motion in the Landtag of Brunswick}{\insrsid13250057 that called for a bill to provide for humane slaughter and to forbid the shehitah method of slaughter. The State Ministry issued a decree re quiring preliminary stunning}{\insrsid1914832 , and provided that shehitah was permitted, but only when the animal was completely stunned before the slaughter, which effectively outlawed shehitah.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1914832 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 67-68.}}}{ \insrsid8349846 }{\insrsid11997633 \par }{\insrsid8349846 Shehita}{\insrsid13530021 h was made illegal in Wuerttembu}{\insrsid8349846 rg by order of the Ministry of the Interior in March 1933, in Oldenburg by decree of its State Ministry in October 1932, and in Saxony by decree }{ \insrsid16142871 in March 1933. I}{\insrsid8349846 n }{\insrsid16142871 November 1932, a motion for a preliminary stunning bill was made by the Nazi group in }{\insrsid8349846 Mecklenburg-Schwerin}{\insrsid16142871 and was referred to the Law Committee. }{\cs17\super\insrsid16142871 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 70-73. }}}{\insrsid13724710 \par }{\insrsid4988808 An anti-s}{\insrsid5853763 hehitah }{\insrsid4988808 law was passed}{\insrsid5853763 }{\insrsid4988808 at a }{\insrsid2775125 cabinet meeting o}{\insrsid5853763 n April }{\insrsid2775125 21, }{\insrsid5853763 1933}{\insrsid4988808 , outlawing shehitah in the entire Reich as of May 1}{\insrsid5853763 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid7079563 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at. 260-61; }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid6633886 See}{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et. al., }{ \i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 73-77, \'93Decree Concerning the Slaughtering of Animals of April 21, 1933.\'94}}}{\insrsid2775125 In order to enforce this law, }{\insrsid15952699 throughout the summer of 1933 }{\insrsid2775125 Nazi officials confisc}{\insrsid15952699 ated the knives of the shohetim}{\insrsid4988808 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid4988808 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 260-61.}}}{\insrsid4988808 A kosher meat shortage began shortly after the April anti-shehitah law was passed}{\insrsid10360968 , and an underground market developed known as \'93Black Shehitah.\'94 This underground market was not widely utilized, as many orthodox Jews would not eat this meat because of its questionable kashrut}{\insrsid13530021 h}{\insrsid10360968 , since there could not b}{\insrsid14496632 e adequate rabbinic supervision and because it was deemed unethical to enjoy meat that had been procured by endangering the life of the shohet.}{\insrsid11147308 The majority of the Jewish population either resigned the mselves to a meatless diet, or attempted to procure meat using methods that were acceptable by German law.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15952699 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 261.}}}{\insrsid11147308 }{\insrsid5378036 \par The German Jews }{\insrsid11147308 attempted }{\insrsid12215335 to find }{\insrsid11147308 a new method of slaughter that would satisfy both Jewis}{\insrsid15931486 h law and German law.}{\insrsid10360968 }{\insrsid15931486 Because the German law did not forbid shehitah outright, but only required that the animal be rendered insensible prior to slaughter, the German Jews experimented with various stunning methods that would not make the animal \'93treifah.\'94 }{ \insrsid219993 They experimented with electrical sho}{\insrsid7423285 cks and nitrogen inhalation which were both found unsat}{\insrsid9988879 isfactory by German rabbis. A method of desensitizing by an }{\insrsid7423285 intravenous injection of eunarcon }{\insrsid9988879 was developed by Bruno Kisch, a professor of experimental pathology and bio-chemistry at Cologne }{\insrsid13530021 University, which}{\insrsid9988879 both rendered the animal unconscious and caused no injury to the animal. }{ \insrsid10621939 The method underwent additional testing through 1937, and seemed to comply with all Jewish law requirements. However, before a general consensus could be had by the leading Jewish authoriti es at the time, a violent outbreak against the Jews occurred in November 1938, which discouraged further investigation into this method. }{\insrsid13530021 It became clear that the Nazi authority was not going to accept any method of shehitah, even one that technically complied with the law.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13530021 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 261-64.}}}{ \insrsid15544653 \par }{\insrsid12215335 The German Jews also began to import kosher meat from abroad in April 1933. }{\insrsid8858896 This was difficult because the existing law prohibited importation of beef from Poland, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, or Rumania, for fear of disease. }{\insrsid1913510 Fowl was admitted from Hungary and }{\insrsid13530021 Yugoslavia}{ \insrsid1913510 . Because of these limitations, meat was imported mostly from Denmark and the Netherlands. In 1936-37, frozen meat was imported all the way from Uruguay and Argentina. The meat importation was also subject to the general German barter scheme}{\insrsid9535416 , which required that imports be paid for in export credits instead of cash. Because the Nazis hoped that this meat trade would help stimulate the German export market, they were willing to allow the importation and distribution of kosher }{ \insrsid10046215 meat. The Jewish population organized the \'93Reichszentrale fur Schachtangelegenheiten,\'94 headed by Rabbi Ezra Munk of Berlin and his son Rabbi Michael Munk, to oversee the importation and distribution of kosher meat. }{ \insrsid8156048 This organization was recognized by the Nazi regime, and }{\insrsid15102885 was }{\insrsid8156048 allowed a specified number of import credits.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8156048 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 264-65.}}}{ \insrsid8156048 This importation scheme lasted through December 1935}{\insrsid14946395 , at which point the German government eliminated the Jewish share of import credits from Denmark}{\insrsid15102885 , the}{\insrsid14946395 chief }{\insrsid15102885 kosher }{\insrsid14946395 meat supplier. The \'93Reichszentrale\'94 petitioned the Ministry of Food to allow }{\insrsid15466526 at least }{\insrsid14946395 a }{\insrsid14419017 small }{\insrsid14946395 share of the b}{\insrsid15466526 arter so }{ \insrsid14419017 kosher }{\insrsid15466526 meat could be procured for Jewish hospitals, but the request was refused, because all barter was being curtailed, and bec ause the Ministry believed that the Jews were receiving large gifts of meat from abroad. The \'93Reichszentrale\'94}{\insrsid7024844 unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its}{\insrsid14419017 own barter agreements abroad.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14419017 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{ \insrsid1392348 ., at 265-66.}}}{\insrsid15339772 \par }{\insrsid7024844 In 1936 a committee was sent to London to secure the first large gift of meat from abroad. The \'93Jewish Friends\rquote Food Fund\'94 was established in London to coordinate efforts to supply kosher meat to German Jews. }{ \insrsid9712576 In 1937 the Fund shipped 600 tons of beef to Germany, using }{\insrsid14946059 funds collected from Jews in many countries, particularly the United States. Through the Fund, meat could be sent to specific institutions or individuals who had people donating money on their behalf. }{\insrsid13517390 However, as of 1938, it became practically impossible to obtain kosher meat }{ \insrsid221596 in Germany }{\insrsid13517390 due to economic conditions and government re}{\insrsid2437336 strictions.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13517390 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 265-69.}}}{ \insrsid12215335 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid545632 {\insrsid11677762 }{\insrsid926439 \tab }{\insrsid11677762 Nazi influence sparked the implementation of anti-shehitah laws throughout Europe, including in Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Poland}{\insrsid10318860 , and Italy.}{\cs17\super\insrsid10318860 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 For a review of the anti-shehitah legislation in these countries due to Nazi influence, }{\i\insrsid1392348 S}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3368595 ee}{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 77- 90. }}}{ \insrsid15888121 In addition to acting as an outside influence, as the Nazis invaded and conquered c}{\insrsid3563934 ountries in 1939 and 1940}{\insrsid15888121 , they implemented }{\insrsid221596 their }{\insrsid3563934 own }{\insrsid15888121 anti-shehitah prohibitions}{\insrsid8603373 , in countries }{\insrsid3563934 in}{\insrsid8603373 cluding}{\insrsid3563934 Bohemia-Moravia, Poland, Slovakia, the Netherlands, France}{\insrsid8603373 , Belgium, and Alsace.}{\cs17\super\insrsid5659450 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3368595 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 90-99.}}}{\insrsid11677762 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783739 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15544653 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118310} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120053}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415149}United Kingdom{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118310}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120053}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415149} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid91055 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid91055 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid10696540 In the United Kingdom, as in the rest of Europe, there were }{\insrsid7481997 several}{\insrsid10696540 attempts to outlaw shehitah, }{\insrsid7481997 but these attemp}{\insrsid8940523 ts were largely unsuccessful. }{\insrsid13639110 In contrast to the countries controlled}{\insrsid5775284 or influenced}{\insrsid13639110 by the Nazi regime,}{ \insrsid8940523 during the reign of Hitler}{\insrsid7481997 , }{\insrsid8940523 many }{\insrsid7481997 democratic countries}{\insrsid8940523 , including Scotland, Belgium, England, Finland}{\insrsid5775284 , }{\insrsid8940523 South Africa and Eire, took steps at protecting shehitah}{\insrsid7481997 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid8940523 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id}{\insrsid1392348 ., at 99-100. }}}{\insrsid7481997 }{\insrsid8940523 \par }{\insrsid8858896 Shehitah}{\insrsid8523718 was generally received positively in the United Kingdom. }{\insrsid4073007 In 1896, the }{\i\insrsid4073007 Liverpool Daily }{\i\insrsid10896619 Post}{\insrsid4073007 wrote }{\insrsid15730966 favorably regarding shehitah:}{\insrsid16516515 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16516515 {\insrsid4073007 \'93The object of the Jewish method of slaught ering is to ensure the thorough removal of all blood from the carcass, and this cannot be done with the completeness the Jewish laws require where the animal is knocked down with a poleaxe before incision is made. So far as the element of cruelty is conc erned it is open to question whether poleaxing operation is not the more painful of the two, for a clumsy or excited butcher not infrequently has to deliver several strokes with this horrid instrument before the animal is struck to the ground}{ \insrsid5513253 . Bleeding is not itself a s}{\insrsid4073007 pecially }{\insrsid5513253 painful process, and it is probable the animal would equally struggle and groan if roped down}{\insrsid16516515 without being wounded at all. It is the fixed belief of the Jews that their method of killing is not merely the most merciful to the anima l, but incomparably the most wholesome for those who feed on its flesh. Under such circumstances no bench of justices could be expected to convict, and we cannot but think that those who invoke judicial intervention in such a matter might be better emplo yed}{\insrsid8945035 in hunting out the numerous unreported cases of gross cruelty to animals intended to live which daily pass unnoticed.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid8945035 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Rev. Dr. Israel W. Slotki, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid3368595 His tory of the Manchester Shechita Board: 1892-1952}{\insrsid1392348 , at 46 (1954).}}}{\insrsid4073007 \par }{\insrsid8523718 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid926439 {\insrsid10696540 The first recorded attempt }{\insrsid8940523 at anti-shehitah legislation in the United Kingdom }{\insrsid10696540 was i} {\insrsid13592160 n }{\insrsid15561777 1904, when a British Admiralty Committee held }{\insrsid1910219 hearings on animal slaughtering}{\insrsid15561777 and submitted a report condemning the }{\insrsid1910219 Jewish method of slaughter, }{ \insrsid15561777 recommending that government services not}{\insrsid10573964 purchase meat obtained by shehitah slaughter.}{\cs17\super\insrsid10573964 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 103.} }}{\insrsid10573964 }{\insrsid1796472 The London }{\insrsid2972956 Jewish }{\insrsid1796472 Board of Deputies set out to obtain expert physiological evidence to counter the report.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1796472 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Slotki, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 46-47. The Manchester Board of Shehitah contributed funding for this investigation. In 1905 the Jewish Authorities requested that T.H. Open shaw, C.M.G., M.S., F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the London Hospital and later Lecturer on Anatomy and Dr. Leonard Hill, M.B., F.R.S., Lecturer on Physiology at the London Hospital Medical College, Examiner to the Universities of Oxford and London, the Royal Coll eges of Surgeons and Physicians, etc. visit any abattoir to observe the method of shehitah. Both reported that shehitah was a humane method of slaughter. }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.; }{\insrsid1392348 The Liverpool Board also contributed funding for this research. The Admiralty report condemned s hehitah, claiming it failed in rapidity, freedom from unnecessary pain, instantaneous loss of sensibility, and failed in comparison to the stunning method. While the Executive Committee of the Board of Shechita was investigating slaughter methods, they a l so investigated casting methods in Europe and the U.S. The Board proceeded to invest time and money in finding a satisfactory casting method through 1923. At this time, greater attention began to be paid to the shehitah method and its humanitarianism. A lbert M. Hyamson, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid6828760 The London Board of Shechita 1804-1954}{\insrsid1392348 , at 50 (1954). }}}{\insrsid851983 B}{\insrsid4997407 ecause the }{\insrsid10573964 Admiralty report had}{\insrsid4997407 no sound scientific basis, }{\insrsid10573964 in 1915 the Ministry of Health published its Model By-laws with respect to slaughterhouses, and exempted shehitah from its provisions.}{\cs17\super\insrsid4997407 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 103.} }}{\insrsid10573964 }{\insrsid15561777 \par }{\insrsid4997407 In 1922,}{\insrsid10696540 }{\insrsid13592160 the National Veterinary Medical Association of England sent a resolution to the Minister of Health}{\insrsid4947806 requesting a government inquiry into slaughtering methods. The London Shehitah Board requested to be represented if a committee were to be formed. Attacks on shehitah followed in 1923}{\insrsid11239378 with a series of newspaper articles disparaging the shehitah practice, Zionism, and Jews in general.}{\cs17\super\insrsid4276282 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 240.}}}{\insrsid11239378 }{\insrsid4276282 The Jewish}{\insrsid7157967 Board of }{ \insrsid8858896 Deputies}{\insrsid7157967 in London appointed a committee, headed by the President of the Board of Shechita, to watch the progress of the Slaughtering of }{\insrsid8858896 Animals}{\insrsid7157967 Bill introduced into Parliament.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid7157967 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Hyamson, } {\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 50-52. The shehitah Board raised funding for this new committee. The growth in hostility toward shehitah prompted the Board to increase their effort to discover a new casting method, since casting was viewed as the more inhumane aspect of the process. They offered prizes for the submission of new casting models. The Weinberg Casting Pen was one of many pr o posed, and although largely supported by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals many authorities felt it needed additional improvements. The Board continued to test various apparatuses through 1928, at which point the Weinberg apparat u s was put into use, though met with hostility by many abattoirs throughout the U.K. that were unwilling to use the method. The method did not go into widespread use until 1933, and even then the smaller slaughterhouses could not afford to install the Wei nberg pens. }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid14025265 Id.}}}{\insrsid7157967 }{\insrsid16601168 }{\insrsid11239378 Sir A. Shirley Benn }{\insrsid7157967 had }{\insrsid11239378 introduced a bill into the House of Commons empowering the Minister of Health to outlaw shehitah. In response to this proposal, a fact-finding commission}{\insrsid262638 was appointed to study the issue. }{\insrsid8734786 The response was disappointing for anti-shehitah proponents. }{\insrsid262638 In the commission\rquote s 1925 report, it found \'93 no cause for complaint on humanitarian grounds against the Jewish method of slaughtering, if efficiently carried out, as was usually the case.\'94 The \'93Veterinary Journal\'94 wrote that shehitah was \'93practically and physiolo}{\insrsid8734786 gically the best method}{\insrsid12068034 ,}{\insrsid262638 \'94}{\insrsid13438362 }{\insrsid8734786 and t}{\insrsid13438362 he National Federation of Meat Traders conducted a demonstration of various slaughter methods and concluded that the Jewish method of slaughter was best. }{\insrsid12068034 The }{\insrsid7363068 Royal Association for the Pr}{\insrsid12068034 evention of Cruelty to Animals}{\insrsid7363068 declared that it approved the inclusion of a provision in the pending legislation protecting the Jewish slaughter method.}{\cs17\super\insrsid7363068 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7363068 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{ \insrsid1392348 at 240.}}}{\insrsid7363068 }{\insrsid11233825 \par }{\insrsid8852879 In 1928, }{\insrsid5645389 the Manchester City Council introduced a by-law requiring humane slaughter. After an appeal made by the Manchester Shehitah Board, a special clause was}{\insrsid12068034 inserted into the final by-law}{ \insrsid5645389 permitting }{\insrsid7363068 shehitah by those certified by the Chief Rabbi.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13398952 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Slotki, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 47.}}}{\insrsid7363068 }{\insrsid13398952 }{\insrsid8734786 In April 1928, Parliament finally voted on the issue of humane slaughter, adopting \'93An Act to Provide for the Humane Slaughter of Animals in Scotland}{\insrsid1003198 ,\'94 effective January 1, 1929. The}{\insrsid10696540 }{\insrsid1003198 act provided}{\insrsid13255238 that every animal either be instantaneously slaughtered or rendered insensible instantaneously by stunning prior to slaughter. Exceptions were made for slaughter done by Jews }{\insrsid11945246 and }{\insrsid13255238 Muslims.}{\cs17\super\insrsid13255238 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 241; Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 100 (C}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid14025265 iting}{\insrsid1392348 \'931928: The Public General Acts,\'94 London, Chap. 29, p. 210). The Act provided: \'93The provisions of section one of this Act shall not apply where an animal is slaughtered for the food of Jews by a Jew duly licensed for the purpose by the Chief Rabbi and holding a license granted by the local authority or for the food of Mohammedans by a Mohammedan holding license granted by the local a uthority if such slaughtering is carried out according to the Jewish or the Mohammedan method of slaughter, as the case may be, and no unnecessary suffering is inflicted.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid13255238 }{\insrsid1449469 Shehitah was afforded similar protection under the July 1933 Act, \'93An Act to Provide for the Humane and Scientific Slaughter of A}{\insrsid11239050 n}{\insrsid1449469 imals}{\insrsid11239050 \'94 in England proper, effective January 1, 1934.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid11239050 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, } {\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 241 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid4401359 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 \'931932-33: The Public General Acts,\'94 London, Chap. 39. p. 608); Slotki, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 50-51. Under a schedule to the Act, a Rabbinical Commission was declared the sole authorizing body for shohetim, and so any opposition to shehitah in the future was made impossible. }}}{\insrsid91055 \par }{\insrsid8803750 After World War II, the demand for kosher meat was greatly reduced in London, largely due to the redistribution of the Jewish population. The London Board of Shechita}{\insrsid10249772 aided in raising money to supply kosher meat to evacuated children and German refugees. }{\insrsid6967590 }{\insrsid10249772 With the creation of the Ministry of Food}{\insrsid10949352 , the Board became limited in their actions. The fees and licensing of kosher butchers, which had been left to the Board, now also required the Ministry\rquote s approval}{\insrsid10626400 . An agreement was reached in 1949, providing that the Ministry of Food would not authorize a butcher to receive kosher meat except upon the advice of the Adviser to the Ministry on Jewish Problems. The Adviser had to consult with the shehitah Board and Beth Din}{\insrsid16346878 , (Jewish Court of Law),}{\insrsid10626400 prior to giving its opinion.}{\insrsid2849517 The Board was required to notify the Ministry, through the adviser, regarding the granting of new licenses and the withdrawal of licenses.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid2849517 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Hyamson, } {\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 74-75.}}}{\insrsid2308122 I}{\insrsid5451172 n September 1949, a National Shechita Council}{\insrsid5311794 was created. The Ministry of Foods was to negotiate all matters relating to kosher meat and poultry with this new Council, and local shehitah boards would concern themselves only}{\insrsid2308122 with local, internal matters.}{\cs17\super\insrsid2308122 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 79.}}}{ \insrsid8803750 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13592160 {\insrsid926439 \tab }{\insrsid15953540 In 1950, kosher slaughter }{\insrsid8724359 of cattle }{\insrsid15953540 was prohibited throughout the U.K. without the use of casting pens. }{\insrsid8724359 Because the smaller communities could not afford these apparatuses, they were forced to purchase kosher beef from London and other large communities.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid8724359 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 52.}}}{\insrsid8522642 }{\insrsid5660503 }{\insrsid8522642 In 1954, the Crouch Bill }{\insrsid2496175 was introduced in the House of C}{\insrsid14754144 o}{\insrsid2496175 mmons}{\insrsid14754144 , calling for the repeal of the provision exempting Jewish and Muslim slaughter in the Sla}{\insrsid8522642 ughter of Animals Act of 1933. In order to increase support for this bill, the Council of Justice to Animals and the Humane Slaughter Association of England distributed anti-shehitah propaganda throughout England}{\insrsid5660503 ,}{ \cs17\super\insrsid15664694 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Isaac Lewin, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid4401359 Unto the Mountains}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid16540847 On Humane Slaughter Legislation in America}{\insrsid1392348 92-98 (1975). See examples of humane society propaganda in England.}}}{ \insrsid8522642 and asked Urban and District Councils to pass resolutions in support of the bill.}{\insrsid6321322 }{\insrsid10772588 Five hundred }{\insrsid6321322 and }{\insrsid10772588 forty-nine councils passed resolutions in support of the Crouch Bill, only thirteen passed resolutions supporting the 1933 Act.}{\cs17\super\insrsid10772588 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid16540847 On Humane Slaughter Legislation in America}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 91-93. Parliament was dissolve d in 1955. Crouch made repeated attempts to outlaw shehitah in the new House. In a speech before the House in 1956, Crouch advised the Jews to abolish the practice of shehitah, accusing shehitah of cruelty even when the Weinberg pen is used, which was g enerally considered the most humane method of casting. Crouch\rquote s motion was voted down in the House of Commons by a slim margin.}}}{\insrsid5836918 \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\pagebb\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5528005 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1594164 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118311 }{\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120054}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415150}Europe: }{\insrsid9403556 Recent }{\insrsid1594164 Anti-Shehitah and Humane Slaughter Legislation}{\insrsid9403556 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118311}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120054}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415150} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5528005 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid215650 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5528005 {\insrsid8858896 Attacks on shehitah, and its prohibition in various countries throughout Europe, did not end with the fall of the Nazi regime. }{\insrsid215650 To this day many European countries maintain prohibitions agains t shehitah. A select few will be discussed below.}{\insrsid13256245 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783739 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13256245 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118312} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120055}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415151}Switz}{\insrsid9403556 erland{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118312}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120055}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415151} \par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12198274 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12198274 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid1594164 To this day, religious slaughter on conscious animals is forbidden in Switzerland.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1594164 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1594164 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{ \i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 134.}}}{\insrsid15363591 In 2002, the }{\insrsid15363591\charrsid15363591 Swiss government }{\insrsid15363591 attempted}{\insrsid2450543 to revise the }{\insrsid15363591\charrsid15363591 law requiring stunning before slaughter, }{\insrsid13572615 but }{\insrsid15363591 refrained from doing so}{\insrsid15363591\charrsid15363591 after animal welfare groups protested.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15363591 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15363591 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Beth Gardiner, }{\i\insrsid1392348 Activists F}{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3361676 ighting }{\i\insrsid1392348 S}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3361676 laughter }{\i\insrsid1392348 M}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3361676 ethods}{\i\insrsid1392348 ,}{\insrsid1392348 Deseret Morning News (Salt Lake City), June 21, 2003, }{\i\insrsid1392348 available at }{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library.}}}{\insrsid1594164\charrsid15363591 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783739 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid9403556 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118313} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120056}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415152}Germany}{\insrsid1594164 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118313}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120056}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415152} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7105835 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7105835 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid10387104 O}{\insrsid5525959 n January 15, 2002, the German Constitutional Court }{\insrsid9528921 ruled that Muslim butchers may obtain an exception permit to perform ritual slaughters.}{\insrsid10634666 }{\insrsid9528921 The slaughter practices of Jews and Muslims conflict with the German law on the protection of animals}{\insrsid608288 requiring stunning prior to slaughter.}{\cs17\super\insrsid483052 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid11681309 Christine }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15139242 Langenfeld}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15139242 Developments }{\i\insrsid1392348 \endash }{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15139242 Germany}{\i\insrsid1392348 ,}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15139242 Int}{\insrsid1392348 \rquote l J.}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15139242 Con}{\insrsid1392348 st.}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15139242 L}{ \insrsid1392348 ., ICon 1.1(141) (200}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid11681309 3}{\insrsid1392348 ), }{\i\insrsid1392348 available at }{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library. }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid11681309 }{\insrsid1392348 (}{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid7230135 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid5525959 Bekanntmachung der Neufassung des Tierschutzgesetzes (Tierschutzgesetz), Bundesgesetzblatt, Teil I (1998), 1105}{\insrsid1392348 )}{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid5525959 .}}}{\insrsid608288 }{\insrsid483052\charrsid608288 Section 4a(2)(2) of the Tierschutzgesetz provides for an exception from this rule for religious associations that (1) require ritual slaughter}{ \insrsid608288\charrsid608288 ,}{\insrsid483052\charrsid608288 or (2) prohibit the consumption of meat that is not halal, that is, that does not come from animals slaughtered in accordance with their religious pres}{\insrsid608288\charrsid608288 criptions}{\insrsid483052\charrsid608288 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid608288 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 In 1986, the federal government integrated the rules on slaughter into the Tierschutzgesetz, in}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid7299106 Section 4a.}}}{ \insrsid483052\charrsid608288 }{\insrsid608288\charrsid608288 \par }{\insrsid483052\charrsid8608480 In 1995, the Federal Administrative Court (FAC)}{\insrsid16331070\charrsid8608480 refused to recognize the mandatory nature of Islamic slaughter, concluding that the second provision of the exception clause of Section }{ \insrsid8858896\charrsid8608480 4a (}{\insrsid16331070\charrsid8608480 2}{\insrsid8858896\charrsid8608480 ) (}{\insrsid16331070\charrsid8608480 2) was not applicable.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8608480\charrsid8608480 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id. }{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid8608480 Decision of the Bundesverwaltungsgericht [Federal Administrative Court] of June 15, 1995, Collection of Cases 99, at 1}{\insrsid1392348 )}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid8608480 .}}}{\insrsid8608480 }{ \insrsid15168769\charrsid15168769 The FAC }{\insrsid483052\charrsid15168769 stated that this interpretation of the Tierschutzgesetz did not violate the fundamental right of religious freedom}{\insrsid15168769\charrsid15168769 , guaranteed in }{ \insrsid483052\charrsid15168769 Articl}{\insrsid15168769 e 4(1) and (2) of the Basic Law, }{\insrsid15168769\charrsid15168769 since the Muslims conc}{\insrsid747023 erned were not forced to eat}{\insrsid15168769\charrsid15168769 meat from animals not slaughtered according to their religious prescriptions}{\insrsid14178460 ,}{\insrsid15168769\charrsid15168769 but could switch to fish, vegetarian food, or imported halal meat}{\insrsid5579525 .}{ \cs17\super\insrsid15168769\charrsid15168769 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id. }{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid2708956 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15168769 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, May 23, 1949, Bundesgesetzblatt, Teil I (1949/50), 1 }{\insrsid1392348 ).}}}{\insrsid15168769 }{\insrsid14178460 The Muslim butcher}{\insrsid3368138 s}{\insrsid14178460 }{\insrsid3368138 unsuccessfully }{\insrsid14178460\charrsid15760884 relied on}{\insrsid5579525 the equal treatment }{ \insrsid14178460\charrsid15760884 clause in Article 3(1) and (3) of the Basic Law, }{\insrsid12914200 citing that}{\insrsid14178460\charrsid15760884 Jewish butchers were granted exceptio}{\insrsid15760884 n permits to perform shehitah}{\insrsid15352652 . }{\insrsid12914200 D}{\insrsid15760884 ue to the split among Islamic groups as to the mandatory nature of ritual slaughter}{\insrsid15352652 , in contrast to the uniform Jewish opinion }{\insrsid5579525 in Germany }{\insrsid15352652 on this matter}{ \insrsid483052\charrsid15352652 , the requirements of Section 4a wer}{\insrsid15352652\charrsid15352652 e not considered fulfilled.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15352652 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid2708956 Id}{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid7230135 . }{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid7230135 See also}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15352652 }{\insrsid1392348 T}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15352652 he judgment of the FAC of November 1, 2001, 54 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1225, 1226 (2001)}{\insrsid1392348 ).}}}{\insrsid483052 \par }{\insrsid5909191 In the January 2002 decision, }{\insrsid5909191\charrsid7025280 the }{\insrsid5909191 German Constitutional }{\insrsid5909191\charrsid7025280 Court ruled that a Muslim butcher may obtain an exception permit under th e second provision of Section }{\insrsid8858896\charrsid7025280 4a (}{\insrsid5909191\charrsid7025280 2}{\insrsid8858896\charrsid7025280 ) (}{\insrsid5909191\charrsid7025280 2) in order to slaughter according to Islamic rites}{\insrsid5909191 , r}{ \insrsid7025280 elying on the freedom of profession, Article 2(1) of the Basic Law, }{\insrsid7025280\charrsid7025280 read together with }{\insrsid7025280 the freedom of religion, Article 4(1) and (2) of the Basic Law}{\insrsid7025280\charrsid7025280 ,.}{ \insrsid7025280 \par }{\insrsid2043106\charrsid14888487 The }{\insrsid483052\charrsid14888487 decision of the Constitutional Court provoked a debate on the desirability of inserting a general animal prote}{\insrsid2043106\charrsid14888487 ction clause into the Basic Law. }{ \insrsid8858896\charrsid14888487 A constitutional }{\insrsid8858896\charrsid2043106 amendment was approved by the Federal Parliament and the Federal Council, respectively, in May and June 2002. }{\insrsid9636432 }{\insrsid14888487 The amended article, Article 20a, provides, \'93}{\insrsid2043106\charrsid2043106 The state, aware of its responsibility for present and future generations, shall protect the natural sources of life and animals within the framework of the constitutional order through the legislature a nd, in accordance with the law and the principles of justice, }{\insrsid14888487 the executive and the judiciary.\'94 Supporters of this amendment, including several humane societies, hope that this will promote a total ban on all ritual slaughter.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid16459622 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid11681309 }{\insrsid7105835\charrsid11681309 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5783739 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid9403556 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118314} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120057}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415153}United Kingdom{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118314}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120057}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415153} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9636432 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7694397 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid7694397 In a 1985 report to the Agriculture Ministry, a government-appoi}{\insrsid14171303 nted committee}{\insrsid7694397 recommended that }{\insrsid5926966 both }{\insrsid7694397 shehitah }{\insrsid5926966 and halal slaughter methods be outlawed for causing undue pain to animals. }{\insrsid12415580 The recommendations were supported by the powerful animal rights lobby and the National Veterinary Association. }{\insrsid12915229 The committee requested that Britain\rquote s exemption from stunning for religious slaughter be withdrawn. The report stated that, \'93The up-to-date scientific evidence available and our own observations leave no doubt in our minds that religious methods of slaughter, even when carried out under ideal conditions, must result in a degree of pain, suffering and distress which does not occur }{\insrsid613783 in the properly stunned animal.\'94}{\insrsid13963376 The committee recommended that stunning be required by 1988 for all of the estimated 91,000 cattle and 1.5 million sheep and goats slaughtered each year in halal and shehitah abattoirs.}{\cs17\super\insrsid811951 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid811951 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13725765 Karen DeYoung}{ \insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid7230135 Ritual Slaughter Sparks Debate; Jews, Moslems Join Force}{\i\insrsid1392348 s to Defend Practice in Britain, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid13725765 The Washington Post,}{\insrsid1392348 }{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid13725765 December 27, 1985}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348 available at }{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library.}}}{\insrsid13963376 \par }{\insrsid5926966 This prompted Britain\rquote s Muslim}{\insrsid4465362 and Jewish communities }{\insrsid5926966 to joi}{\insrsid4939241 n}{\insrsid5926966 together in protest against the threat to their religious freedom.}{\insrsid7809517 While the }{\insrsid4465362 public arguments}{\insrsid7809517 against the ban made by both communities\rquote leaders}{\insrsid4465362 }{\insrsid7809517 were mostly limited t}{\insrsid4465362 o }{\insrsid7809517 the }{\insrsid4465362 conflicting scien}{ \insrsid7809517 tific evidence over animal pain,}{\insrsid4465362 leaders of both communities believe}{\insrsid14177076 d that the issue of animal pain was not the only one at stake}{\insrsid7809517 .}{\insrsid4465362 }{\insrsid8083683 Bot h Muslims and Jews }{\insrsid4465362 detect}{\insrsid8083683 ed}{\insrsid4465362 overtones of racism, influenced by the National Front, }{\insrsid8083683 a }{\insrsid8858896 neo-fascist}{\insrsid8083683 organization that }{\insrsid4465362 promoted the religious slaughter ban in its literature.}{\insrsid15946883 The real issue was believed, by both Muslim and Jewish leaders, to be religious freedom.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8083683 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid16459622 Id.}}}{\insrsid4465362 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5252086 {\insrsid5252086 Since the enactment of The Slaughter of Animals (Humane Conditions) Regulations}{\insrsid8200360 of}{\insrsid5252086 1990, re-enacted in the Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations}{\insrsid8200360 of}{\insrsid4939241 1995}{\insrsid5252086 , all shohetim are required by statute (Schedule 12 Part II, reg. 6 (b)) to comply with the definition of shehitah} {\insrsid8200360 ,}{\insrsid5252086 to: \'93\'85ensure that each animal is slaughtered by severance, by rapid, uninterrupted movements of a sharp knife, of both its carotid arteries and both its jugular veins.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid5252086 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5252086 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Chanoch Kesselman, }{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid2565294 Shec}{\i\insrsid1392348 hita: Conformity & Confrontation}{\insrsid1392348 , at }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid5252086 http://www.shechitauk.org/resources.php}{\insrsid1392348 .}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid5252086 \par }}}{\insrsid5252086 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid1446058 As recently as }{\insrsid10092823 March 8}{\insrsid14242267 , 2005, British Jews won an 18 -month battle to gain government assurances protecting the community's right to perform shehitah, after a June 2003 report from the Farm Animal Welfare Council recommending }{\insrsid9185889 that }{\insrsid14242267 the government repeal the right of the Jewish community to carry out kosher slaughter. }{\insrsid5396844 }{\insrsid8858896 The Government\rquote s Final Response to the }{\insrsid8858896\charrsid10092823 Farm Animal Welfare Council\rquote s Report on the Welfare of Animals at Slaughter}{\insrsid8858896 , accepted evidence presented by Jewish lobbyists, led by Shechita UK, a British lobby group that defends the practice of shehitah, which demonstrated that ritual slaughter was a humane method of killing animals for food.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8858896 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1399975 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid16338103 British Jews Win Right to Practice Ritual Slaughter,}{\insrsid1392348 The Jerusalem Post, March 10, 2005, } {\i\insrsid1392348 available at}{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library; }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11550218 See}{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Government Commitment To Continued Practice of Shechita, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid11550218 March 8, 2005,}{\i\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348 at }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid1399975 http://www.shechitauk.org/news.php}{\insrsid1392348 .}}}{\insrsid8858896 }{\insrsid9403556 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid746662 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13702890 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118315} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120058}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415154}Other Countries}{\insrsid9185889 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118315}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120058}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415154} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13702890 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13702890 \par The international }{\insrsid7633383 laws relating to the practice of }{\insrsid7871344 shehitah}{\insrsid7633383 are outlined by }{\insrsid14881276 I.M. }{\insrsid1908240\charrsid14881276 Levinger.}{\cs17\super\insrsid9335472\charrsid9335472 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9335472 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Unless otherwise noted, information in chart by Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 133- 136. Info as of year published, 1995. }}}{\insrsid13702890 \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1908240 {\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid1908240 Religious Slaughter Practices in Different Countries (Information as given by the Institute of Welfare to Animals) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13702890 {\insrsid13702890 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 { \b\insrsid13702890 Country}{\insrsid13702890 \cell }{\b\insrsid13702890 Legislation Provides For}{\insrsid13702890 \cell }{\b\insrsid13702890 Additional information}{\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid16406926 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073315 {\insrsid13702890 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid15407315 European Union\cell }{\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid16406926 \cell }{\insrsid13702890 See Council Directive 93/}{ \insrsid15365145 119}{\insrsid13702890 /EC}{\insrsid12932062 . The preamble states }{\insrsid12932062\charrsid12932062 \'93it is necessary... to take account of the particular requirement of certain religious rites.\'94 }{\cs17\super\insrsid1576590 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15365145 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Official Journal C 277 E, 14/11/2002 P. 0197 \endash 0198, 2002 OJ C 277, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid6116333 Written Question E-1388/02 by Hiltrud Breyer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission. }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5446959 Slaughtering of animals in accordance with Jewish rites without prior stunning.}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid6116333 2004 Commission of the European Communities}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348 available at}{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library.}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid5446959 \par }{\insrsid1392348 The written response by the European Parliament, states:}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid6116333 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9662333 {\insrsid1392348 \'93Recital 6 of Council Directive 93/119/EC of 22 December 1993 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter and killing (} {\insrsid1392348\charrsid4870781 OJ L 340, 31.12.1993}{\insrsid1392348 ) underlines the necessity to take account of the particular requirements of certain religious rites. In consequenc e, Article 5(2) of the Directive states that the obligation for the Member States to ensure the stunning before slaughter shall not apply to animals subject to particular methods of slaughter required by certain religious rites. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14115624 {\insrsid1392348 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9662333 {\insrsid1392348 However, having regard to the competence of the Member States for cultural matters and the principle of subsidiarity, the Member States are responsible for deciding not if, but under which conditions the ritual slaughter without stunning may be carried out on their territory. The refore, the Commission does not intend to propose further harmonisation of this question.\'94 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9662333 {\insrsid1392348 This leaves open the option for member countries to legislate individually on the legality of shehitah. \par }}}{\insrsid12932062\charrsid12932062 }{\insrsid13702890\charrsid2648364 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Belgium \cell Total exemption from stunning.\cell New draft bill provides for some restrictions to total exemption.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow1\irowband1 \ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Denmark \cell Exemption from stunning for Jewish Slaughter. \cell Only in abattoirs where there is constant veterinary supervision. Special restraining box used. Muslims have agreed to stun cattle (with a captive bolt pistol) before slaughter.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 France\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Only Rabbis who have a permit can carry out Jewish slaughter. Permits renewed every six months. Suita ble Muslims can carry out Muslim slaughter.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Germany\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Cattle slaughter by Jewish method must be in box of special design in some Laender. Religious slaughter, only f}{\insrsid2174692 or the use of the communities but}{\insrsid13702890 not for export.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Great Britain\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Cattle slaughtered only in RSPCA box and only in one single cut. \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Greece\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Not available.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Italy \cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Must be carried out in strict accordance with established standards.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow7\irowband7 \ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Republic of Ireland\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Must conform to EC convention. Supervision by veterinary officers. Stunning not permitted by Muslims. }{\insrsid8858896 Cincinnati}{\insrsid13702890 Box and other similar types used.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Northern Ireland\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Slaughterhouses must be licensed for religious slaughter by local authority. Veterinary presence required.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Luxembourg\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell No religious slaughter for past 10-15 years. No demand for such meat.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow10\irowband10 \ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Netherlands\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Jewish and Muslim slaughter carried out only in approved abattoirs and in the presence of a veterinary or meat inspector.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow11\irowband11\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\b\insrsid13702890 Other European Countries}{\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid15407315 \cell }{\insrsid13702890 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow12\irowband12\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108 \trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Switzerland\cell Religious slaughter on conscious animals forbidden.\cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow13\irowband13\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Spain \cell Religious slaughter permitted under veterinary supervision. All animals except goats and sheep to be stunned first.\cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow14\irowband14\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Portugal \cell Religious slaughter permitted. Sold only to small local community of Jews and Muslims.\cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow15\irowband15\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108 \trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Austria \cell Jewish slaughter permitted in certain Laender.\cell }{\insrsid7691100\charrsid7691100 Ritual slaughte}{\insrsid3106174 r of animals under Jewish and Musli}{\insrsid7691100\charrsid7691100 m religious rites will continue to be allowed as long as the animals are stunned immediately after their throats are cut}{\insrsid7691100 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid7691100 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7691100 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid4530779 Austrian Parties Agree On Animal Protection Law}{\insrsid1392348 , Deutsche Presse-Agentur, May 19, 2004, }{\i\insrsid1392348 available at}{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library.}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid1966581 \par }{\insrsid1392348 \par \par }}}{\insrsid13702890\charrsid7691100 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow16\irowband16\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\b\insrsid13702890 Scandinavian Countries}{\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid12607382 \cell }{\insrsid13702890 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow17\irowband17\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Finland\cell Religious slaughter permitted on conscious animals provided they are stunned immediately after they have been cut. Veterinarian must be present.\cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow18\irowband18\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Norway\cell All animals must be stunned prior to slaughter.\cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow19\irowband19\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Sweden\cell All animals slaughtered by religious methods must be stunned.}{\insrsid201334 (Shehitah essentially forbidden).}{\insrsid13702890 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow20\irowband20\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\b\insrsid13702890 Other Countries}{\b\insrsid13702890\charrsid14901010 \cell }{\insrsid13702890 \cell \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow21\irowband21\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 America\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell No legislative restrictions on how religious slaughter is carried out. \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow22\irowband22\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Australia\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Weinberg and Elizabeth (ASPCA) pens approved. Calves under 70 kilos must be stunned post-cutting for shehitah slaughter. Halal slaughter of calves not permitted.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow23\irowband23\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 Canada \cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Some }{\insrsid8858896 Muslims}{\insrsid13702890 accept stunning. Veterinary presence required.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow24\irowband24\ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid9990444 {\insrsid13702890 New Zealand\cell Exemption from stunning.\cell Special restraining box required for cattle.\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\insrsid13702890 \trowd \irow25\irowband25\lastrow \ts24\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx2844\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx5796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2952\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13702890 {\insrsid13702890 \par \par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid746662 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7168230 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118316} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120059}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415155}Shehitah in the}{\insrsid15691740 United States{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118316}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120059}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415155} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1261945 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1261945 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid6822765 Legislation protecting the humane treatment of animals}{\insrsid7159006 }{\insrsid15485226 in the W}{\insrsid3958206 estern}{\insrsid15485226 }{\insrsid3958206 Hemisphere}{\insrsid3346174 can be traced back to the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay, }{\insrsid5143024 who borrowed this idea}{\insrsid6822765 }{\insrsid3346174 from the Jewish code of law. }{\insrsid6822765 After this, not until }{\insrsid1927222 the late nineteenth century}{\insrsid6822765 has }{\insrsid3630376 the issue of humane treatment of animals}{\insrsid4942840 }{\insrsid6822765 been addressed}{\insrsid3630376 in the United States}{ \insrsid6822765 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid11413500 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 Bernard J. Meislin, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid1966581 Jewish Law in American Tribunals}{\insrsid1392348 177 (1976). }}}{\insrsid3630376 Shehitah }{\insrsid865205 has never been prohibited }{\insrsid15485226 in the United States; i}{ \insrsid865205 n fact, many states actually have laws protecting shehitah, or laws protecting the integrity of kosher meat.}{\cs17\super\insrsid865205 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al., }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 38-45.; In 1915, New York State passed the first law protecting the integrity of kosher meat, by making it a misdemeanor for a vendor to fraudulently sell non-kosher meat as kosher. Similar laws were passed in Connecticut in 1918, in New Jersey in 1920, in Maryland in 1920, in Ohio in 1921, in Illinois in 1923, in Virginia in 1924, in Missouri in 1 925, in Massachusetts in 1929, in California in 1931, in Tennessee in 1932, in Wisconsin in 1935, in Rhode Island in 1937, in Michigan in 1939, and in Pennsylvania in 1939. Congress enacted a similar law for the District of Columbia in 1926. In }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Hygrade Provision Co. v. Sherman}{\insrsid1392348 , 266 U.S. 497 (1924), the constitutionality of the New York State law was challenged and upheld. In 1934, the New York State Legislature set up the Bureau of Kosher Law Enforcement, to make the Kosher Law more effective. Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 sup ra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 328-38. }}}{\insrsid7159006 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid746662 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid746662 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118317} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120060}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415156}A Brief }{\insrsid11294798 History of Shehitah{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118317}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120060}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415156} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11294798 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11294798\charrsid11294798 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid7432067 When the first Jews arrived in \'93Nieuw Amsterdam\'94 from Brazil in 1654, they were unable to ob}{\insrsid15485226 tain kosher meat}{\insrsid7432067 because the slaughtering privileges had already been leased by the Dutch authorities to several }{\insrsid11095999 tax farmers, under the conditions that only three named and licensed slaughterers were allowed to kill animals, and none might refuse to }{\insrsid2362452 slaughter}{\insrsid11095999 an animal brought to him for killing. Because of the increased need for meat in the colony, in 1600}{\insrsid10094471 ,}{ \insrsid11095999 several new butchers were }{\insrsid2362452 sworn in, including a Jewish butcher, Asser Levy Van Swellen. He was allowed an exemption from the requirement to slaughter all animals brought before him, so th}{\insrsid1257335 at he would not have to kill pig}{\insrsid2362452 s, which are not kosher animals. }{\insrsid13640770 After Van Swellen, several other Jewish butchers became authorized by the colonial authorities}{\insrsid4012670 to slaughter animals}{\insrsid13640770 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid3307293 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 274-75.}}}{\insrsid794447 }{\insrsid3307293 \par }{\insrsid794447 By the year 1728, the shohet in New York}{\insrsid15163297 was an established official in the only existing synagogue, the Spanish and }{\insrsid8858896 Portuguese}{\insrsid15163297 Congregation Shearith Israel}{\insrsid15270777 .}{ \cs17\super\insrsid15163297 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid15163297 Founded in 1654, the Spanish and Portuguese synagogue is the first Jewish congregation }{\insrsid1392348 to be established in North Amer}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15163297 i}{\insrsid1392348 c}{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid15163297 a}{\insrsid1392348 . Its founders were 23 J}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15163297 ews, mostly of Spanish and Portuguese origin who had been living in Recife,}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15163297 Brazil}{ \insrsid1392348 . The synagogue, located on W. 70}{\super\insrsid1392348\charrsid15270777 th}{\insrsid1392348 and Central Park West, Manhattan, New York, is still thriving today.}}}{\insrsid15270777 }{\insrsid7086192 The shohet was given a fixed salary and was subject to examination by the minister}{\insrsid722062 (hazan)}{\insrsid7086192 or his representatives. All kosher slaughter was performed by the congregational shohet}{\insrsid15426579 . A large portion of the meat slaughtered in New York was packaged for export to Jewish communities in Curacao, Jamaica, Surinam, and Barbados}{\insrsid8993605 , as well as to other places in America.}{\cs17\super\insrsid7034218 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 275-80}}}{\insrsid8993605 The meat }{\insrsid7412326 that was not exported }{\insrsid8993605 was sold by Christian vendors in the local}{\insrsid8267074 markets. Since both kosher and non-kosher meat was sold there, the kosher meat bore the seal of the shohet.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8267074 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11820884 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 284-85. On several occasions, meat vendors falsely attached the kosher seals on non-kosher meat. The municipal authorities treated the cases as acts of fraud, revoking the dealers\rquote licenses.}}}{\insrsid6045492 }{\insrsid3307293 \par }{\insrsid6045492 As new congregations were established in New York, they establis}{\insrsid9710355 hed their own shohetim and meat-}{\insrsid6045492 dealers, decentralizing the shehitah operation.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1444462 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 285-89.}} }{\insrsid1444462 Between 1854 and 1862, the improper practice of bleeding animals prior to slaughter was practiced in New York. This was the result of a misinterpretation of the permission granted by European }{\insrsid11083668 rabbis}{ \insrsid1444462 to }{\insrsid11083668 perform bleeding prior to slaughter in or}{\insrsid6966103 der to relieve sick animals. This}{\insrsid11083668 was not to be done on animals t}{\insrsid6966103 o be used for consumption. Such a}{\insrsid11083668 practice dir}{\insrsid10576943 ectly contradicted Jewish law, and caused a great upheaval in the Jewish community.}{\cs17\super\insrsid4815657 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11820884 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 290.}}}{\insrsid7818665 }{\insrsid11538712 \par }{\insrsid7818665 T}{\insrsid4815657 he emergence of the \'93private shohet\'94 for hire by slaughterhouses}{\insrsid7818665 began in the 1850\rquote s. }{\insrsid10576943 In order to deal with the }{\insrsid2916044 deteriorating standards for Kashruth resulting from the decentralization of shehitah, t}{\insrsid1992796 he Association of the United Hebrew Congregations}{\insrsid2916044 was created}{\insrsid3819833 , which would test all shohetim, license butchers, and label their meat with a uniform }{\insrsid14959585 lead }{\insrsid3819833 seal.}{\insrsid7539729 The position of Chief Rabbi was established in 1888 to oversee operations}{\insrsid10434555 and in troduce effective controls in the production and sale of kosher meat.}{\insrsid11538712 By 1894, t}{\insrsid10119815 he Associated Congregations began to disintegrate}{\insrsid7409956 , as well as the position of Chief Rabbi, which ended with Chief Rabbi Jacob Joseph\rquote s death in 1902}{\insrsid10119815 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid14037377 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14037377 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11820884 Id.,}{ \insrsid1392348 at 291-302.}}}{\insrsid5726671 }{\insrsid2494483 \par }{\insrsid5726671 The oversight of shehitah and kashruth in New York and throughout the }{\insrsid1927222 United S}{\insrsid5726671 tates has continued to evolve since then, with various oversight committees}{\insrsid134250 , both private and communal. } {\insrsid7432067 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid746662 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2494483 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118318} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120061}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415157}Anti-Shehitah and Humane Slaughter Legislation{\*\bkmkend _Toc99118318}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120061}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415157} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11538712 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2494483 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid8991797 The first signs of }{\insrsid7819441 antagonism for shehitah came}{\insrsid11538712 from various humane societies }{ \insrsid7819441 claiming that the practice was inhumane. }{\insrsid1927222 On January 9, 1866}{\insrsid6706575 , founder and president of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Henry Bergh, wrote to Henry Westheimer, operator of an abattoir where shehitah was performed, stating:}{\insrsid1927222 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6706575 {\insrsid6706575 \'93An employee in the service of this Society reports to me that the cruelty inflicted\emdash needlessly\emdash on dumb animals while slaughtering them at your establishment is of the most barbarous, revolting, and wicked character. This stat ement has before been communicated to this Society; and it is proper that I call your attention to the fact, with a view to its immediate correction. You are forbidden by the laws of this State, as well as that higher law of God, thus to mangle and tortu re his creatures. You should, at least, so far feel for the miserable lot, of the creatures which support, and in so many ways contribute to the well being of mankind; by killing them}{\insrsid13982595 with merciful dispatch\emdash and in no way can this be so perfectly done as by a blow from a pointed axe upon the head. At any rate, these horrible scenes must end, and you must not suppose that the laws of this State, are to be daily violated by you, without responsibility, any more than by any other citizen. If you believe that there is a God in Heaven\emdash tremble! for you may be certain that misfortune will overtake you sooner or later, for these infractions of his natural laws.}{\insrsid1078803 I desire to hear from you on this subject; before addressing myself to the public authorities; which I s hall do, if unheeded by you; but I trust that, this appeal will obtain a share of that mercy and pity, which you yourself will one day ask of your Maker.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid1078803 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 407-08. Bergh received a response from Rabbi Aaron Zevi Friedman, an experienced shohet, defending shehitah using various physiological arguments. His response adequately appeased Bergh, who no longer outwardly expressed any disapproval of shehitah.} }}{\insrsid6706575 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6706575 {\insrsid6706575 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid4272205 Next to cite its disapproval of shehitah was the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals o f Philadelphia, in 1885.}{\insrsid2515603 In 1903, a female preacher traveled }{\insrsid13518958 the country speak}{\insrsid208000 ing }{\insrsid13518958 out }{\insrsid208000 against shehitah.}{\insrsid13518958 }{\insrsid208000 She had a large impact in both Detroit and Denver. Shortly after her visit to Denver, Wolf Heller, a Denver shohet was arrested based on a complaint filed by Oliver E. Tuft, an officer in the State Bureau of Child and Animal Protection of Colorado, claiming that on October 5, 1903, Heller \'93did torture, torment, unnecessarily and cruelly beat and needlessly mutilate beef cattle\'85}{ \insrsid10627792 .}{\insrsid208000 \'94}{\insrsid10627792 The complaint was later withdrawn once the press exposed the false nature of the claims. The allegations were viewed as an attempt to justify the prohibition of shehitah.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid10627792 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 408-09.}}}{\insrsid4272205 \par }{\insrsid3557651 Beginning in 1911, in Massachusetts, bills requiring preliminary stunning began to appear in state legislatures}{\insrsid7676363 . Both the Massachusetts bill,}{\insrsid475895 \'93An Act Relative }{\insrsid475895\charrsid14893815 to Humaner}{\insrsid475895 Methods in the Slaughtering of Animals,\'94 House Bill No. 738, }{\insrsid7676363 and a similar bill proposed in Pennsylvania in 1921, were referred to committees but never became laws. In J}{\insrsid14695267 anuary 1929, House Bill No. 135}{\insrsid7676363 was introduced in Connecticut }{\insrsid14695267 to require preliminary stunning, }{\insrsid7676363 and passed both the House and the Senate in its amended form. }{\insrsid279361 This was the only time a state legislature in the United States ever acted adversely against shehitah. }{\insrsid4215258 However, the bill was later reconsidered and recalled from the Engrossing Clerk by Senate Joint Resolution No. 49 before the Governor had signed it, and was rejected.}{\cs17\super\insrsid1197315 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin et al, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 45; Berman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 409-11.}}}{\insrsid7676363 \par }{\insrsid1261945 The first time humane slaughter legislation appeared in the United States }{\insrsid11889143 federal arena }{\insrsid12475033 was in 19}{\insrsid5140160 56-}{\insrsid12475033 5}{\insrsid8721192 7}{\insrsid1261945 , when a federal bill }{ \insrsid8608383 was proposed, outlawing the shack}{\insrsid3630376 l}{\insrsid8608383 ing-and-hoisting preparations of conscious animals. The goal was to decrease the animal\rquote s suffering by requiring stunning prior to hoisting.}{ \cs17\super\insrsid12475033 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra}{\insrsid1392348 , at 40-41.}}}{\insrsid12475033 Bill H.R. 8308}{\insrsid13518958 ,}{\insrsid8608383 }{\insrsid12475033 \'93to establish the use of humane methods of slaughter of livestock as a policy of the United States}{\insrsid13518958 ,}{\insrsid12475033 \'94 was introduced by}{\insrsid1461524 Congressman Poage of Texas, passed by the Committee on Agriculture and granted a rule by the House Rules Committee.} {\cs17\super\insrsid1461524 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin, }{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3301532 On Humane Slaughter Legislation in America}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra, }{\insrsid1392348 at 89-90. This paper was read at a conference sponsored jointly by the Synagogue Council of America and the National Community Relations Advisory Council in New York, October 20, 1957. Lewin as serted that the effects of this bill would be a prohibition of shehitah, despite a provision providing that \'93within the meaning of this Act\'94 religious slaughter is recognized as humane. Section 1 of the bill provided that \'93 it is declared to be the policy of the United States that the slaughtering of livestock and the handling of livestock in connection with slaughter, shall be carried out only by the most humane practicable methods.\'94 Section 2 provided that \'94 no method of slaughter or handling in connectio n with slaughter shall be deemed to comply with such public policy unless (a) in the case of cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other livestock, all animals are rendered insensible to pain, by a single blow or gunshot or an electrical, chemi c al, or other means that is rapid and effective before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut, or (b) by slaughtering in conformity with the practices and requirements of any established religious faith which practices and requirements are hereby de clared to be humane within the meaning of this Act.\'94 As written, the slaughter itself would be exempt from the stunning requirement, but the prior handling of the animal would be subject to regulations making it \'93insensible to pain,\'94 which would make the animal automatically unfit for kosher slaughter. The intent of the bill was expressed in the official report of the Committee on Agriculture, accompanying H.R. 8308, dated July 9, 1957, which stated, \'93 It is to be noted that the approval given to slaughtering in connection with the practices of a religious faith does not necessarily extend to the handling of livestock in connection with such slaughter.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid15496699 }{ \insrsid8608383 }{\insrsid9896358 Senators Jacob}{\insrsid14942388 Javits and Clifford P. Case introduced an amendment to the bill that would}{\insrsid15496699 limit it to apply only to non-k}{\insrsid14942388 osher slaughtering, exempting shehitah from the bill.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14942388 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5073522 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 40-41. }}}{\insrsid11889143 }{\insrsid14297803 The Humane Slaughter Act of 1958 is the basis for the relevant law today.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14297803 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5073522 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 160-61; The current law is as follows: 7 USCS \'a7 1902 (2005): \par \'a7 1902. Humane methods \par }\pard \s16\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5073522 {\insrsid1392348 No method of slaughtering or handling in connection with slaughtering shall be deemed to comply with the public policy of the United States unless it is humane. Either of the following two methods of slaughtering and ha ndling are hereby found to be humane: \par (a) in the case of cattle, calves, horses, mules, sheep, swine, and other livestock, all animals are rendered insensible to pain by a single blow or gunshot or an electrical, chemical or other means that is rapid and e ffective, before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut; or \par (b) by slaughtering in accordance with the ritual requirements of the Jewish faith or any other religious faith that prescribes a method of slaughter whereby the animal suffers loss of cons ciousness by anemia of the brain caused by the simultaneous and instantaneous severance of the carotid arteries with a sharp instrument and handling in connection with such slaughtering. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5073522 {\insrsid1392348 \par \'a7 1906. Exemption of ritual slaughter \par Nothing in this Act [7 USCS \'a7\'a7 1901 et seq.] shall be construed to prohibit, abridge, or in any way hinder the religious freedom of any person or group. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act [7 USCS \'a7\'a7 1901 et seq.], in order to protect freedom of religion, ritual slaughter and the handling or other preparation of livestock for ritual slaughter are exempted from the terms of this Act [7 USCS \'a7\'a7 1901 et seq.]. For the purposes of this section the term \'93ritual slaughter\'94 means slaughter in accordance with section 2(b) [7 USCS \'a7 1902(b)]. }}}{\insrsid11282741 It is important to note that shehitah is listed as a method o f humane slaughter, and not as a permissibl}{\insrsid15273145 e method of slaughter despite being inhumane.}{\cs17\super\insrsid15273145 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Senator Hubert Humphrey\rquote s amended bill proposed to include shehitah among the recognized humane methods rather than allowing it as an exception. This was met by opposition by several humane societies. }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid1183034 See}{\insrsid1392348 Lewin, }{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid1183034 On Humane Sl}{\i\insrsid1392348 aughter Legislation in America, supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 101.}}}{\insrsid1261945\charrsid1261945 \par }{\insrsid13635045 Many state legislatures followed this trend of exempting shehitah from their humane slaughter legislation. In 1967, several bills were proposed in the New York State Legislature that }{\insrsid3630376 a}{\insrsid163726 ffected kosher slaughter. In December 1965, t}{\insrsid4793028 he Friends of Animals, Inc.}{\insrsid9660132 , (F.O.A.), a humane-society based out of New York City, }{\insrsid4793028 sponsored a bill introduced in both houses as Senate #2912 Adams and Senate #2333 Hudson-Adams, by }{\insrsid3566354 Assembl}{\insrsid163726 yman Mason, requiring that non-k}{\insrsid3566354 osher slaughter only be performed on animals rendered insensible to pain, because this was a humane method. While shehitah was exempted from the provisions of the bill, the wording of the bill implied that methods of slaught er performed on conscious animals, like shehitah, were inhumane. }{\insrsid4609249 The Mason bill also required that meat packers label meats either \'93Kosher\'94 or \'93Humane,\'94 further implying that kosher slaughter was inhumane. }{ \insrsid14242048 The Jewish community strongly opposed this bill, which was defeated at the polls.}{\insrsid16259858 }{\insrsid15753431 }{\insrsid16259858 Another bill, supported by the New York }{\insrsid15753431 State Humane Association }{ \insrsid16259858 and introduced by Senator Ronald B. Stafford of Peru, New York}{\insrsid13977731 , calling for more humane methods of preparation for slaughter, was supported by the Jewish co mmunities because it did not single out shehitah or portray it in a negative light}{\insrsid331666 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid9896358 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9896358 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 41.}}}{\insrsid15691740 \par }{\insrsid9660132 Friends of Animals, Inc.}{\insrsid13663735 }{\insrsid3757839 continued to fight vigorously for humane slaughter legislation. The group, dedicated to rescuing animals from needless suffering prior to and dur ing slaughter, alienated the Jewish communi}{\insrsid331666 ty and most other humane groups}{\insrsid3757839 with its militant propaganda campaign}{\insrsid13663735 and its insis}{\insrsid331666 tence that its program alone could}{\insrsid13663735 resolve the problems of inhumane treatment of animals in slaughterhouses. In 1967, F.O.A. posted a full-page advertisement in }{\i\insrsid13663735 The New York Times}{\insrsid13663735 , declaring, \'93The Meat You Eat is Seared With Pain}{ \insrsid7283295 ,\'94}{\insrsid14574983 explaining that cruelty to animals occurs in both kosher and non-kosher slaughterhouse}{\insrsid331666 s}{\insrsid14574983 . The advertisement has since been printed repeatedly. The goal of the advertising campaign was to gain community support for a bill, sponsored by Assemblyman Albert J. Hausbeck, which would outlaw}{\insrsid12544412 shackling-and-hoisting prior to slaughter.}{\cs17\super\insrsid12544412 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid1183034 Id.,}{ \insrsid1392348 at 42-43. The propaganda campaign also included the publishing of pictures depicting inhumane positioning of animals for slaughter with accompanying testimony that procedures in kosher slaught erhouses were brutal and inhumane. One advertisement in }{\i\insrsid1392348 The New York Times, }{\insrsid1392348 read: \'93 In a Kosher plant I recently visited, the hoist was operated until the steer was hanging suspended by the leg with its face partly on the floor. The slaughterhouse worker then turned the hose on the animal\rquote s face and neck so that the animal got the full force of the water, and then I witnessed something I had read about as occurring in Kosher plants, that I could scarcely believe when I read it. The packing-house employee deliberately plunged both his hands into the steer\rquote s eyes until the eyes were displaced by being pushed back into the head. He then grasped the sides of the eye sockets and held the animal that way while the }{\i\insrsid1392348 shochet,}{ \insrsid1392348 the man who performs the Kosher slaughter, stepped forward to cut the steer\rquote s throat.\'94 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id. }{\insrsid1392348 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11287918 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 Friends}{\i\insrsid1392348 of Animals,}{\insrsid1392348 statement by president of a national humane society, February 15, 1967, name furnished by Friends of Animals, New York, New York). }}}{\insrsid5667342 }{\insrsid7283295 }{\insrsid15804403 The bill, }{\insrsid1538634 Bill N }{\insrsid15804403 o}{\insrsid1538634 . 160, exempted}{\insrsid15804403 kosher livestock from its prohibition, yet it did not explicitly recognize shehitah as}{\insrsid1538634 a humane method of slaughter, thereby implying that it was less humane than other techniques. The bill would prohibit the sale of kosher}{\insrsid331666 -}{\insrsid1538634 slaughtered livestock \'93otherwise than as such or as kosher meat or in kos her meat preparations therefrom and as kosher food prepared under or sanctioned by the orthodox Hebrew religious requirements}{\insrsid14365632 .\'94 It would require that meat be labeled \'93kosher\'94 in order to distinguish it from \'93 humane slaughtered\'94 meat.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14365632 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Isaac Lewin, }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid11287918 Unto the Mountains}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11287918 Humane Slaughter Legi}{\i\insrsid1392348 slation in the State of New York }{\insrsid1392348 118-19 (1975). (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11287918 Printed in}{\insrsid1392348 \'93The Jewish Observer,\'94 New York, January, 1966).}}}{\insrsid14365632 }{\insrsid5667342 Many leaders of the Jewish communities responded to the attacks by F.O.A., denying the }{\insrsid2382723 allegations of inhumane treatment in the slaughterhouses. The F.O.A. further claimed that the process of shackling-and-hoisting was inevitably}{\insrsid8024908 inhumane in that it caused injury to the animal from fright, which is evidenced by its kicking and jerking. }{\insrsid7878594 Rabbi Pinhas M. Teitz, chairman of the Committee for the Protection of Religious Freedom and Presidium Member of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada replied to the allegations, calling the advertisements \'93 an unwarranted attack on Kosher slaughter, based on inaccuracies and misleading statements bordering on religious bias\'85}{\insrsid7558721 .}{\insrsid7878594 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid7878594 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 43-44. ( }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15884675 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid7222835 Rabbi Pinhas}{\insrsid1392348 Teitz}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid7222835 , }{\insrsid1392348 The }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid7222835 New York Times, January 7, 1966 }{\insrsid1392348 )}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid7222835 .}{\insrsid1392348 Rabbi Teitz explained that it is fal se that injuries which render an animal non-kosher are the inevitable result of shackling and hoisting. He also reported having consulted with every kosher slaughterhouse in New York and New Jersey, finding no record of any F.O.A. representatives having ever visited any of these locations, challenging the authenticity of their claims at witnessing inhumane treatment. }}}{\insrsid7878594 }{\insrsid9896358 \par }{\insrsid11819235 Other a}{\insrsid13378879 ctivists}{\insrsid11819235 ,}{\insrsid13378879 genuinely concerned about the inhumane treatment of animals in slaughterhouse practices, have taken practical steps towards developing}{\insrsid11819235 a more painless method for casting the animal for slaughter. The A.S.P.C.A. pen, as discussed above, was developed }{\insrsid6358608 in response to this investigation. The}{\insrsid11819235 Armour Research Foundation, employed by the Joint Advisory Committee, representing major Jewish organizations}{\insrsid6358608 , was hired to research the usefulness of this pen as it was being developed, and the A.S.P.C.A. later jo}{\insrsid6895526 ined in the }{\insrsid10159572 task. The pen was largely accepted by Jewish authorities as complying with Jewish law}{\insrsid10253539 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid10253539 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Whether this pen is acceptable according to Jewish law is still a topic of debate. }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid7078500 See}{\insrsid1392348 Levinger, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 27-28.}}}{\insrsid10159572 It replaced the shackling-and-hoisting method with a painless method of secure the animal that both complied with legislation and was accepted by the general public as a humane procedure. }{\insrsid2831489 With the development of this pen, despite its limited use by 1967, the Joint Advisory Council no longer saw the necessity of exemption for shehitah from humane slaughter legislation, as the t}{\insrsid5783182 wo were no longer contradictory, and has since moved away from this position.}{\cs17\super\insrsid5783182 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Freedman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 44-46.}}}{\insrsid2831489 }{\insrsid13260954 \par Another bill, Bill No. 4393, spon}{\insrsid9638404 sored by the American Society for}{\insrsid13260954 the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, was introduced in the Senate in 1966 by Senator Willard. This bill prohibited \'93shackling and hoisting or han} {\insrsid10253539 ging }{\insrsid13260954 any animal while such animal is conscious, in the positioning of such animal for slaughter.}{\insrsid9638404 \'94 The bill provided that the prohibition would}{\insrsid8521588 not apply, \'93 in order to protect freedom of religion, to the operator of a commercial establishment with respect to the positioning of no more than 20 conscious beef animals per week for ritual slaughter.\'94 }{\insrsid8421158 The bill made no mention of the A.S.P.C.A. pre-slaughter pen. The bill also omitted reference to }{\insrsid14360481 Section 6 of Public Law 85-765 (H.R. 8308)}{\insrsid6961805 ,}{\insrsid14360481 }{\insrsid8421158 August 27, 1958, which states: \'93 Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, in order to protect freedom of religion, ritual slaughter and the handling or other preparation of livestock for ritual slaughter are exempted in terms of this Act.}{\cs17\super\insrsid3685762 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Lewin, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid6961805 Humane Slaughter Legislation in the State of New York}{\insrsid1392348 , }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 122-27.}}}{\insrsid3685762 }{\insrsid7106940 The majority of Orthodox Jews in America strongly opposed this bill.}{\insrsid12728129 \par }{\insrsid5140160 The }{\insrsid9001315 Humane Slaughter Act was passed in 1958, in its amended form. }{\insrsid12155424 In 1974, }{\i\insrsid12155424 Jones v}{\i\insrsid12155424\charrsid12155424 . Butz}{\cs17\i\super\insrsid12155424 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid6122239 Jones v. Butz}{ \insrsid1392348 , 374 F. Supp. 1284 (1974), cert. denied, October 15, 1974.}}}{\insrsid12155424 }{\insrsid12155424\charrsid12155424 challenged}{\insrsid12155424 the constit}{\insrsid6122239 utionality of Section 2(b), 5, an}{\insrsid7278943 d 6 of the } {\insrsid9001315 Act}{\insrsid7278943 .}{\insrsid6122239 }{\insrsid12411617 The plaintiff}{\insrsid141788 s claimed: }{\insrsid12155424 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9591671 {\insrsid12411617 \'93}{\insrsid141788 that in failing to require that the animal be rendered insensible to pain before the handling}{\insrsid9591671 process, and thus before it is shackled and hoisted, the provisions permitting ritual slaughter are offensive to and inconsistent with the humane purpose of the Act and have a special religious purpose in contravention of the First Amendment.}{ \insrsid12411617 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid9591671 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 Meislin, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra,}{\insrsid1392348 at 199 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid3548626 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 Jones v. Butz, 374 F. Supp. 1284 (1974) at 1289-1290).}}}{\insrsid141788 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11216357 {\insrsid11216357 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11216357 {\insrsid11216357 Plaintiffs clai med that the statutory protection of a religious belief had no secular purpose, advanced a particular religion, and fostered excessive government entanglement with religion, thereby violating the Establishment Clause.}{\cs17\super\insrsid11216357 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 199-200.}}}{\insrsid131997 The c}{\insrsid9719785 ourt }{\insrsid12411617 rejected plaintiffs\rquote assertions, noting}{\insrsid9719785 that Congress had prescribed alternative methods of humane slaughter}{\insrsid12411617 ,}{\insrsid9719785 and shehitah was historically related to considerations of humaneness}{\insrsid15298927 . As such, the statute\rquote s secular purpose merely coincided with the Jewish ritual slaughter; it}{\insrsid1117919 did not exempt it. Furthermore, if shehitah is viewed as an exemption from humane slaughter requirements, it would be a constitu}{\insrsid8217470 tionally permiss}{\insrsid6312732 ible exception; t}{\insrsid1117919 he courts tend to defer to clearly delineated religious practices}{\insrsid3874816 as exemptions from general}{\insrsid8217470 standards, especially when the exemptions are}{\insrsid3874816 pursued by a united religious community}{\insrsid8217470 .}{ \cs17\super\insrsid3874816 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{ \i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11669717 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 200.}}}{\insrsid11216357 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid3109803 Most state humane slaughter statutes followed the Federal Act of }{\insrsid9001315 1958.}{\insrsid3109803 However, Illinois}{\insrsid6312732 ,}{\cs17\super\insrsid3416993 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3416993 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 200-01 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid11669717 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 Ill. Stat. Ann., Tit. 8 \'a7229.54). Illinois\rquote current statute, effective January 1, 1993, \'a7 510 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 75/4, Ritual slaughter, and \'a7 510 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 75/3, Methods prohibited, reads in relevant part: \par Sec. 3. No slaughterer or packer shall bleed or slaughter any livestock except by a humane method. The following methods are in all instances prohibited: \par (a) Use of a manually operated hammer, sledge or pole-ax as a means of slaughtering any animal or of rendering any animal unconscious in preparation for slaughter. \par (b) Shackling and hoisting or hanging any animal while such animal is conscious, in the positioning of such animal for slaughter. \par Sec. 4. In order to protect freedom of rel igion, paragraph (b) of Section 3 [510 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 75/3] does not apply to calves and sheep and cattle where ritually acceptable and practical methods are unavailable for positioning livestock for purposes of slaughter in accordance with the req uirements of any religious faith.}}}{\insrsid3109803 Pennsylvania}{\insrsid6312732 ,}{\cs17\super\insrsid3416993 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid948980 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.,}{\insrsid1392348 at 201}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid6554488 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid6554488 Citing}{ \insrsid1392348\charrsid6554488 3 Purd. Pa. Stat. 451.52}{\insrsid1392348 ). This statute was repealed in 1996 replaced by P.L. 561, No. 100, \'a72. The current statute, 3 Pa. Cons. Stat. \'a72362 (2004), provides in relevant part: \par \'a7 2362. Humane methods of slaughtering domestic animals \par (a) HUMANE METHODS REQUIRED.-- \par (1) Humane methods shall be used in the handling of domestic animals \par for slaughter and in the actual bleeding and slaughter of domestic \par animals. \par (2) The use of a manually operated hammer, sledge or poleax by \par slaughterers, packers or stockyard operators during slaughtering \par operations is not a humane method of slaughter. \par (b) RITUAL SLAUGHTER.-- Subsection (a) shall not apply to the operator of a commercial establishment with r espect to the positioning and ritual slaughter of cows, poultry and sheep until one year after the department finds and notifies the operator that there is available at reasonable cost a ritually acceptable, practicable and humane method of handling or ot herwise preparing conscious calves, poultry and sheep for slaughter.}}}{\insrsid3109803 and New Hampshire}{\cs17\super\insrsid3416993 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14970042 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 201 (}{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid5054335 Citing}{\insrsid1392348 N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. 575-A: 1 III [6]). This statute, as part of the Humane Slaughter Law, was later repealed. The current statute N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. \'a7427: 33 III , 34 (2004), effective July, 1, 1985, provides, in relevant part: \par III. The term "humane method" means: \par (a) Any method of slaughtering livestock which normally causes animals to be rendered insensible to pain by a single blow or shot of a mechanical in strument or by electrical, chemical or other means that is rapid and effective, before being shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut; and \par (b) The method of slaughtering required by the ritual of the Jewish faith, whereby the animal suffers loss of consc iousness by anemia of the brain caused by the simultaneous and instantaneous severance of the carotid arteries with a sharp instrument, provided that the method used in bringing the animal into position for slaughter causes no injury or pain which can be avoided without interfering with the requirements of ritualistic slaughter or without imposing unreasonable economic hardship. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14316639 {\insrsid1392348 \'a7 427:34. Prohibition \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14970042 {\insrsid1392348 On and after June 30, 1960, no slaughterer may slaughter livestock except by a humane method. No person ma y handle livestock in connection with slaughter, or drive or transport them to holding pens or to place of slaughter except with a minimum of excitement and discomfort. Holding pens and transportation vehicles must be free from hazards which could cause s uffering or pain.}}}{\insrsid3109803 left open the question of whether shackling-and-hoisting of conscious animals before their slaughter could be avoided by using another ritually acceptable manner}{\insrsid1262893 that would not be economically prohibitive. The }{\insrsid12664708 original }{\insrsid1262893 New Hampshire statute}{\insrsid12664708 }{\insrsid1262893 define}{\insrsid2695650 d}{\insrsid1262893 shehitah as humane, \'93 provided that the method used in bringing the animal into position for slaughter causes no injury or pain }{\insrsid4003124 which can be avoided without interfering with the requirements of ritualistic slaughter or without imposing unreasonable economic hardships.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid7688906 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id., }{\insrsid1392348 at 201.}}}{ \insrsid3109803 \par }\pard\plain \s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8403064 \b\f1\fs26\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16650785 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99118319} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120062}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415158}Recent Anti-Shehitah Protests}{\insrsid8797462 in the U.S.}{\insrsid12664708 {\*\bkmkend _Toc99118319}{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120062}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415158} \par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8403064 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8403064 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid12664708 While the }{\insrsid1835054 Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, and its subsequent }{\insrsid4878168 amendments, }{ \insrsid616927 has}{\insrsid4878168 officially declared shehitah a method of humane slaughter,}{\insrsid616927 this declaration has not put an end to the opposition to shehitah. }{\insrsid1921435 \par }{\insrsid4481976 P.E.T.A., People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, initiated an attack on shehitah on }{\insrsid13326070 November 29}{\insrsid1466033 ,}{\insrsid6060370 }{\insrsid1466033 2004}{\insrsid13326070 when }{\insrsid1466033 it}{ \insrsid13326070 filed a comp}{\insrsid1466033 laint with the U}{\insrsid8677899 nited }{\insrsid1466033 S}{\insrsid8677899 tates }{\insrsid1466033 D}{\insrsid8677899 epartment of }{\insrsid1466033 A}{\insrsid8677899 griculture}{\insrsid1466033 based on its findings from }{\insrsid8593824 a }{\insrsid1466033 videotape recorded by an undercover P.E.T.A. member at a}{\insrsid6060370 kosher }{\insrsid1466033 slaughterhouse}{\insrsid6060370 in Iowa.}{\cs17\super\insrsid6060370 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Alan Cooperman, }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid12415365 USDA Investigating Kosher Meat Plant}{\i\insrsid1392348 ,}{\insrsid1392348 The Washington Post, December 31, 2004, }{\i\insrsid1392348 available at }{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library.}}}{\insrsid6060370 P.E.T. A. urged Iowa authorities to prosecute the plant's managers for animal cruelty. It}{\insrsid1466033 followed with a }{\insrsid4481976 release}{\insrsid4592332 }{\insrsid1466033 of the}{\insrsid8593824 video}{\insrsid14634044\charrsid14634044 }{ \insrsid14634044 on the website GoVeg.com, depicting}{\insrsid4481976 gory, somewhat disturbin}{\insrsid11952514 g images}{\insrsid4592332 of animals being slaughtered}{\insrsid11952514 . }{\insrsid2847881 This video release gained much nati onal and international attention}{\insrsid5274757 , because the Postville, Iowa plant is the largest }{\insrsid5274757\charrsid14488872 glatt kosher meat producer in the United States and the only one authorized by Israel's Orthodox rabbinate to export beef to Israel.}{\cs17\super\insrsid5274757\charrsid14488872 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}{\insrsid1392348 At the time of publication }{\insrsid1392348\charrsid10373030 Israel had stopped accepting U.S. beef because of concerns about mad cow disease.}}}{\insrsid2847881 }{\insrsid14634044 P.E.T.A., as well as certain experts o n both animal science and kosher slaughter,}{\insrsid4592332 }{\insrsid16469271 has}{\insrsid4592332 denounced the}{\insrsid8593824 plant run by AgriP}{\insrsid14634044 rocessors}{\insrsid8593824 , Inc. }{\insrsid11952514 for inhumane treatment of animals.}{\insrsid8677899 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8677899 {\insrsid11952514 While P.E.T.A. advocates }{\insrsid4592332 vegetarianism, it }{\insrsid14634044 generally }{\insrsid4592332 accepts shehitah as a relatively painless method of slaughter.}{\cs17\super\insrsid8224166 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Donald G. McNeil, Jr., }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid12415365 Videotapes Show Grisly Scenes at Kosher Slaughterhouse}{\i\insrsid1392348 ,}{\insrsid1392348 The New York Times, November 30, 2004, }{ \i\insrsid1392348 available at }{\insrsid1392348 LEXIS, News Library.}}}{\insrsid4592332 }{\insrsid8224166 P.E.T.A. spokesman,}{\insrsid8224166\charrsid8224166 Bruce Friedrich,}{\insrsid8677899 acknowledged}{\insrsid8224166 that \'93}{ \insrsid9596841 done correctly, kosher slaughter is no less humane, and probably is bette}{\insrsid8224166 r, than the conventional method\'94}{\insrsid9596841 in commercial slaughterhouses, which fire an air gu}{\insrsid8593824 n or metal bolt into the animal\rquote }{\insrsid9596841 s brain.}{\insrsid14508255 \'93We're not objecting to kosher slaughter in general,\'94 Friedrich said, \'93 We're objecting to the sloppy, unethical methods used at this particular plant, which many experts on slaughterhouse standards say is the worst cruelty they have ever seen.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid8224166 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Cooperman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra.}}}{\insrsid8224166 }{ \insrsid8593824 }{\insrsid15554869 As such, P.E.T.A.\rquote s protests }{\insrsid12013169 were not directly}{\insrsid8593824 aimed}{\insrsid12013169 at the practice of shehitah, but at the particular way it was being carried out at this plant, which they claim was both inhumane and contrary to accepted }{\insrsid14515558 Jewish law.}{\insrsid12013169 However,}{\insrsid5469846 the plant's supervi}{ \insrsid15554869 sing rabbi said the tapes were \'93}{\insrsid5469846 testimon}{\insrsid16469271 y that this is being done right,}{\insrsid15554869 \'94}{\insrsid5469846 }{\insrsid16469271 and r}{\insrsid5469846 epresentatives of the Orthodox Union, the leading organization that certifies kosher products, }{\insrsid16469271 said that the pictures }{\insrsid14515558 were}{\insrsid16469271 not necessarily indicative }{\insrsid14515558 of violations of the}{ \insrsid16469271 Jewish laws of slaughter}{\insrsid14515558 .}{\cs17\super\insrsid14515558 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 McNeil, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra.}}}{\insrsid5469846 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid15554869 An}{\insrsid12347378 article in }{\i\insrsid12347378 The New York }{\i\insrsid12347378\charrsid12347378 Times}{ \insrsid9596841 described}{\insrsid12347378 the video\rquote s contents as follows: \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12347378 {\insrsid12347378 \'93}{\insrsid12347378\charrsid12347378 On the 30-minute tape, each animal is placed in a rotating drum so it can be killed while upside down, as required by Orthodox rabbis in Israel. }{\insrsid10567684 }{\insrsid12347378\charrsid12347378 Immediately after the shochet, or ritual slaughterer, has slit the throat, another worker tears open each steer's neck with a hook and pulls out the trachea and esophagus. }{\insrsid10567684 }{\insrsid12347378\charrsid12347378 The drum rotates, and the steer is dumped on the floor. }{ \insrsid10567684 }{\insrsid12347378\charrsid12347378 One after another, animals with dangling windpipes stand up or try to; in one case, death takes three minutes.}{\insrsid12347378 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid12347378 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.}}}{\insrsid5469846 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10567684 {\insrsid10567684 \par }{\insrsid11875291 Whether this procedure is acceptable according to Jewish law has become a controversial issue }{\insrsid12335727 among}{\insrsid11875291 Jewish authorities. }{\insrsid9466737 Because the shohet checked to ensure that both the trachea and esophagus had been severed, the slaughters appear to have been kosher. }{\insrsid10829561 Rabbi Belsky}{\insrsid9466737 , a chief expert for the Orthodox Union, said that scientific studies have }{\insrsid10829561 foun}{\insrsid10567684 d that an animal whose brain had}{\insrsid10829561 lost blood pressure when its throat was slit felt nothing}{\insrsid11875291 ,}{ \insrsid10829561 and any motions it made were involuntary. }{\insrsid11875291 }{\insrsid12335727 However, }{\insrsid11812430 Shimon Cohen, a}{\insrsid10829561 spokesman for Shechita UK, a British lobbying group that defends ritual slaughter against the protests of animal-rights activists, }{\insrsid11875291 told the }{\i\insrsid11875291 Times}{\insrsid11875291 that}{\insrsid10829561 after watching the tape with a rabbi and a British shohet}{\insrsid11812430 he \'93felt queasy,\'94}{\insrsid10829561 and added,}{\insrsid11812430 \'93}{\insrsid10829561 I don't know what t}{\insrsid11812430 hat is, but it's not shechita.\'94 Cohen explained that }{\insrsid10829561 in Britain an animal must be restrained for 30 seconds to bleed, and no second cut is allowed. }{\insrsid4073066 }{\insrsid6388009 According to Cohen, because}{\insrsid10829561 }{\insrsid9716005 shehitah}{ \insrsid10829561 must produce }{\insrsid9716005 instantaneous unconsciousness,}{\insrsid14819861 AgriP}{\insrsid10829561 rocessors' meat could not be considered kosher.}{\insrsid9716005 }{\insrsid14819861 Rabbi Kohn, of AgriP}{ \insrsid10829561\charrsid10829561 rocessors, said the throat-tearing was done only to speed bleeding. }{\insrsid9716005 }{\insrsid10829561\charrsid10829561 Recent Federal rules f}{\insrsid9716005 or slaughterhouse inspectors }{ \insrsid10829561\charrsid10829561 recognize }{\insrsid9716005 \'93}{\insrsid10829561\charrsid10829561 the ritual cut and any additi}{\insrsid9716005 onal cut to facilitate bleeding\'94}{\insrsid10829561\charrsid10829561 as different from skinning or butchering, which is forbidden }{\insrsid9716005 \'93}{\insrsid10829561\charrsid10829561 until the animal is insensible.}{\insrsid9716005 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid12013169 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15362567 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348 Id.; }{\insrsid1392348 The Orthodox Union posted \'93M}{\insrsid1392348\charrsid15362567 essage from Rabbi Dr. Tzvi Hersh Weinreb, OU Executive Vice President, and Rabbi Menachem Genack, OU Kashrut Rabbinic Administrator}{\insrsid1392348 ,\'94 on their website, www.ou.org, in response to this incidence. The message reads as follows: }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid8347183 \par }{\insrsid1392348 \par \'93An animal rights group known a s People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) recently released an undercover video showing scenes of cows staggering in apparent agony for several minutes after their throats were cut by the shochet. PETA focused its attention on one particular pl ant, AgriProcessors, Inc., but these accusations have implications for all kosher shechita, particularly because the video has received attention in the media world, beginning with an article in The New York Times, on Tuesday, November 30th, 2004. \par \par \'93The Ort hodox Union is very concerned about these accusations. We are sensitive to the inhumane treatment of animals, and empathize with those who are upset by the images of apparent cruelty recorded on this video. As is well known, Judaism abjures cruelty to ani mals and enjoins us to be as humane as possible in our legitimate utilization of them. That shechita is a very humane method of slaughtering animals has been substantiated over the past century by numerous scholarly articles and scientific opinions. \par \par \'93Afte r carefully studying the video, Rabbi Menachem Genack, Rabbinic Administrator of the OU Kashrut Division, and Rabbi Yisroel Belsky, one of its distinguished poskim (rabbinic decisors), traveled to Postville, Iowa, to review the procedures at the AgriProce s sors plant. They found that these procedures meet all OU standards to the highest degree, and that the shochtim (rabbinic slaughterers) are all highly proficient, skilled and knowledgeable. Nevertheless, the OU and AgriProcessors, Inc. have worked togethe r to make certain changes, namely that the trachea will no longer be removed following shechita, and that any animals that appear to have survived the procedure will be promptly stunned or shot. These changes are described more fully below. \par \par \'93The following facts will help provide a perspective on this matter: \par 1. Slaughtering animals for human consumption is never a pretty sight. An abattoir is obviously a place where one will see living, vibrant animals transformed into meat. This is generally a bloody and u npleasant experience, but this is universal. Indeed, PETA acknowledges that the shechita process is better than most general slaughtering. \par \'932. While unnecessary cruelty to even one animal is intolerable, one has to look at the total picture before judging the matter. To those unfamiliar with the slaughter industry\emdash kosher or non-kosher\emdash scenes showing post-shechita movement of several animals, such as are shown on the video, can be very disturbing. But it must be realized that during the six or seven weeks d uring which the video was taken, approximately 18,000 animals were slaughtered by the plant in question. With such numbers, it is inevitable that aberrations do sometimes occur, and those shown in the video represent only a tiny percentage of the total nu mber processed in that time span. Viewers of the video will also note that it does show regular instances of shechita where the animal expired rapidly, without the apparent suffering observed in other animals. \par \par \'93It is also important to understand that such occurrences are not unique to the AgriProcessors plant, but happen in every abattoir, whether kosher or non-kosher. According to the USDA, a slaughterhouse in which up to 5% of animals killed by any method \emdash including the \'93humane bolt\'94 and shechita\emdash survive t he first shot or cut, is still considered an approved plant. From now on, however, when this occurs at AgriProcessors, Inc., the animal will be promptly stunned or shot, so as not to prolong its suffering. Such animals will not be sold as kosher. \par \par \'933. The Orthodox Union is committed to maintaining the highest ritual standards of shechita without compromising the halacha one whit. In keeping with these standards, we will strive to the best of our ability to see to it that animals are treated humanely and to see that, at all the plants we supervise, any halachically unnecessary practices which may be seen to be objectionable, are ceased. \par \par \'93During shechita, the carotid arteries, which are the main supplier of blood to the brain, are severed. This results in an immediate and massive drop in blood pressure, which renders the animal insensate in a matter of seconds. At AgriProcessors, Inc., as at other plants, a second cut is made in the carotid arteries to facilitate and accelerate the bleeding. This secondary cu t is both approved and encouraged by the USDA. The OU and AgriProcessors, Inc. have concluded that this cut will now be made without excising the trachea. \par \par \'934. The United States Department of Agriculture, with which we have a very cooperative working relati onship, supervises this slaughterhouse and has found nothing amiss in its practices. Its on-site inspector, Dr. Henry Lawson, has confirmed to us his opinion that the conditions there are humane and that the shechita method of slaughter employed there ren ders the animal insensate. Other USDA officials have also visited the plant subsequent to the release of the video, and will be issuing a report. \par \par \'935. We continue to vouch for the kashrut of all of the meat prepared by AgriProcessors, Inc., which was never compromised. Like all the more than 6,000 plants\emdash producing all kinds of foodstuffs\emdash that are certified by the OU, it has always been under our regular supervision. When this story broke, several rabbis, in Israel and Europe as well as in the United States, at first commented negatively on the kashrut of this shechita. Almost all of them, including the Israeli Chief Rabbinate, have now said that their initial statements were based on misinformation, and have retracted them.\'94}}}{\insrsid10829561 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid3810742 P.E.T.A.\rquote }{\insrsid5456285 s attack on the AgriProcessors\rquote }{\insrsid7878594 plant}{\insrsid5456285 has been viewed by some}{\insrsid13326070 Jewish groups}{\insrsid5456285 as a revival of}{\insrsid16350 }{\insrsid5456285 \'93}{\insrsid16350 the Nazi libel that Jewish ritual slaughter involves torture of animals.}{\insrsid5456285 \'94 }{ \insrsid9896257 Although }{\insrsid4073066 P.E.T.A.\rquote s attack wa}{\insrsid4278033 s not directly aimed at the practice of }{\insrsid8083504 shehitah, but rather }{\insrsid4278033 at a}{\insrsid5456285 particular instance of shehitah, since the }{ \insrsid8083504 videotaped }{\insrsid4073066 slaughter wa}{\insrsid13326070 s}{\insrsid8083504 not directly in conflict with Jewish law}{\insrsid4073066 , and most likely wa}{\insrsid13326070 s}{\insrsid8083504 in compliance with Jewis}{\insrsid4073066 h law, claiming this slaughter wa}{\insrsid8083504 s inhumane }{\insrsid4278033 is }{\insrsid8083504 like saying all shehitah is inhumane. O}{\insrsid16350 ther Jewish groups have c}{\insrsid4073066 ondemned the AgriProcessors}{\insrsid16350 plant, saying it appears to have violated the spirit, if not the letter, of the rules for }{\insrsid4278033 shehitah, which intends minimal }{\insrsid9896257 animal }{\insrsid4278033 suffering}{\insrsid9896257 .}{\insrsid10707306 Despite the Orthodox Union\rquote s supp}{\insrsid1587772 ort of AgriProcessors practices}{\insrsid10707306 as being compliant with Jewish law, they have asked the plant }{\insrsid4987261 to discontinue the}{\insrsid10707306\charrsid4987261 practice of excising the trachea and esophagus immediately after the }{\insrsid4987261\charrsid4987261 slaughter. AgriProcessors agreed to en}{\insrsid10707306\charrsid4987261 d}{\insrsid4987261\charrsid4987261 that practice and }{ \insrsid10707306\charrsid4987261 to stun or shoot animals which show the kind of motor coordination that's indicative of consciousness}{\insrsid4157976 after the initial slaughter}{\insrsid4987261 , so that the situations shown on the video will not arise in the future.}{\cs17\super\insrsid4987261 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4987261 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 McNeil, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra.}}}{\insrsid10707306\charrsid4987261 \par }{\insrsid16350 Nathan Lewin, a Washington lawyer who represents AgriProcessors, said the plant is continuously monitored by USDA inspectors and kosher certifying organizations, none of which has found anything wrong}{\insrsid5713630 with the slaughte r methods used}{\insrsid16350 . }{\insrsid9896257 }{\insrsid5713630 Lewin asserts that }{\insrsid16350 P}{\insrsid5713630 .}{\insrsid16350 E}{\insrsid5713630 .}{\insrsid16350 T}{\insrsid5713630 .}{\insrsid16350 A}{\insrsid5713630 .'s campaign \'93 is really an attack on shehitah.\'94}{\insrsid16350 }{\insrsid9896257 }{\insrsid5713630 Lewin went on to say, \'93}{\insrsid16350 I'm not suggesting this is part of an anti-Semitic wave. }{\insrsid4157976 }{\insrsid16350 But I do I think it's an attempt to get rid of kosher slaughter, maybe as a first step to getting ri}{\insrsid5713630 d of all slaughter.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid6494845 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid2629034 Id.}}}{\insrsid10565037 Agudath Israel of America}{\insrsid6051917 , one Orthodox Jewish group,}{\insrsid10565037 called P.E.T.A.\rquote s campaign a \'93vicious and unethical attack\'94 on Judaism, which \'93}{\insrsid4921011 introduced human society to the concept of humane treatment of animals.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid4921011 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid2629034 Id.}}}{\insrsid15497856 }{\insrsid8797462 However}{\insrsid8797462\charrsid8797462 , t}{ \insrsid11684626\charrsid8797462 he Rabbinical Assembly, an association of Conservative rabbis, said the P}{\insrsid4157976 .}{\insrsid11684626\charrsid8797462 E}{\insrsid4157976 .}{\insrsid11684626\charrsid8797462 T}{\insrsid4157976 .}{ \insrsid11684626\charrsid8797462 A}{\insrsid4157976 .}{\insrsid11684626\charrsid8797462 video \'93should be regarded as a welcome, though unfortunate, service to the Jewish community.\'94}{\insrsid8797462\charrsid8797462 }{\insrsid860992 }{ \insrsid8797462\charrsid8797462 When a company \'93}{\insrsid11684626\charrsid8797462 purporting to be kosher violates the prohibition against . . . causing pain to one of God's living creatures, that company must answer to the Jewish co}{ \insrsid8797462\charrsid8797462 mmunity, and ultimately, to God.\'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid8797462 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid2629034 Id.}}}{\insrsid8797462 \par }{\insrsid14228981 In response to the uproar created by the P.E.T.A. video, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has told federal meat inspectors that th ey should immediately shut down any slaughterhouse where they observe acts of cruelty similar to those found on the videotape.}{\cs17\super\insrsid14228981 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14228981 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{\insrsid1392348 Cooperman, }{\i\insrsid1392348 supra.}}}{ \insrsid14228981 }{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 The U}{\insrsid6051917 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 S}{\insrsid6051917 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 D}{\insrsid6051917 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 A}{\insrsid6051917 .}{ \insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 's Food Safety Inspection }{\insrsid7878594\charrsid6186294 Service}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 sent a detailed advisory to}{\insrsid1732049 federal meat inspectors on December}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 22}{ \insrsid1732049 , 2004}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 . }{\insrsid7878594 }{\insrsid14228981\charrsid6186294 While the advisory}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 does not mention either P}{\insrsid7878594 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 E}{ \insrsid7878594 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 T}{\insrsid7878594 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 A}{\insrsid7878594 .}{\insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 's videotape or }{\insrsid14228981\charrsid6186294 the Postville plant by name}{\insrsid6186294 ,}{ \insrsid16350\charrsid6186294 it describes what inspectors should do in a scenario that corresponds closely to the situation shown on the tape. }{\insrsid6186294\charrsid6186294 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6186294 {\insrsid4288632 \'93\lquote You}{\insrsid6186294 are}{\insrsid1732049 the Public Health Veterinarian}{\insrsid6186294 assigned t o monitor a kosher slaughter}{\insrsid13253200 house\'85 }{\insrsid6186294 Today the establishment i}{\insrsid13253200 s ritually slaughtering cattle.}{\insrsid6186294 Seconds after the shochet, a rabbi trained as a kosher butcher, cuts a steer's throat, a plant employee steps forward to make a second cut and pull out the steer's trachea, or breathing tube, and its esophagus, or gullet. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4982278 {\insrsid4982278 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4982278 {\insrsid4288632 \'93\lquote The}{\insrsid6186294 trachea and esophagus are dangling from the neck of the animal. . . . You are concerned as to whether the animal i}{\insrsid4982278 s sensible during this process\'85. }{\insrsid6186294 But before you can call the District [superv isor] or adequately examine the animal . . . the steer begins to right itself, and then stands, and starts to stumble around in the bleeding area, flopping }{\insrsid4982278 its head on adjacent equipment.}{\insrsid13253200 \rquote }{\insrsid6186294 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6186294 {\insrsid6186294 \par }{\insrsid13253200 \'93}{\insrsid6186294 In such a situation, the document says, the federal inspector should immediately notify th}{\insrsid4982278 e slaughterhouse that it has a \'93conscious\'94 animal \'93}{\insrsid6186294 at a point in the process }{ \insrsid4982278 where it should be unconscious.\'94}{\insrsid6186294 After waiting to verify that the animal has been put out of its misery, it says}{\insrsid4982278 , the inspector should place a \'93U.S. Reject\'94 }{\insrsid6186294 tag on the device that restrains t}{\insrsid4982278 he cattle during slaughter and \'93}{\insrsid6186294 inform the plant that the sla}{\insrsid4288632 ughter operation is suspended.}{\insrsid6186294 \par \par }{\insrsid10896619 \'93\lquote You}{\insrsid6186294 take these actions because the plant personnel performed a dressing procedure on a conscious animal, and because they failed to react appropriately to address a suffering, conscious animal. In addition, you inform establishment management that they will be receiving an NR [Non-compliance Record}{\insrsid4982278 ] for this egregious violation.}{\insrsid4288632 \rquote }{ \insrsid4982278 \'94}{\cs17\super\insrsid9181931 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs17\super\insrsid1392348 \chftn }{ \insrsid1392348 }{\i\insrsid1392348\charrsid15345614 Id.}}}{\insrsid6186294 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid671581 {\insrsid6186294 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12728129 {\insrsid671581 While the U}{\insrsid3481657 .}{\insrsid671581 S}{\insrsid3481657 .}{\insrsid671581 D}{\insrsid3481657 .}{\insrsid671581 A}{\insrsid3481657 .}{\insrsid671581 has not taken direct action against the plant, or shehitah, }{\insrsid9181931 it is clear that }{\insrsid671581 the issue of the humaneness of the shehitah method is}{\insrsid9181931 still a topic of controversy today. }{\insrsid671581 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid746662 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\kerning32\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid746662 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc99120063} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc100415159}Conclusion{\*\bkmkend _Toc99120063}{\*\bkmkend _Toc100415159} \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid746662 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid746662 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5123337 {\insrsid746662 \tab Shehitah has been practiced by Jews throughout the}{\insrsid5123337 world for thousands of years. The complex and detailed methods required by Jewish law have been passed on through many generations, and will continue to be passed on and practiced in Jewish communities for many more generations. \par }{\insrsid7152245 \tab While this practice continues to thrive in religious communities, it also continues to be threatened by various groups who oppose shehitah on }{\insrsid1182516 many grounds. While some groups vehemently fight ritual slaughter for noble causes, such as the protection of animals from inhumane treatment, others merely use this cause as a means to perpetuate anti-Semitism. }{\insrsid396130 }{\insrsid7152245 \par }{\insrsid1182516 \tab The effects of the opposition to shehitah have greatly varied over the last hundred years. }{\insrsid160210 Different historical settings, taking into account both time and place, have had great influence over the laws regarding shehitah in countries throughout the world. While some countries have }{\insrsid396130 had }{\insrsid160210 outright prohibitions against shehitah}{\insrsid396130 , most have had more subtle, indirect limitations. Some countries have gone to the opposite lengths to ensure the right of religious slaughter, protecting the freedom of religion.}{\insrsid160210 \par }{\insrsid396130 \tab }{\insrsid7800429 The laws around the world are constantly changing with regard to the practice of shehitah. }{\insrsid3691625 It is unfortunate that despite the aligned interests of shehitah and humane slaughter legislation, the two have been at odds in the past.}{\insrsid7878594 }{\insrsid7800429 Perhaps one day, with new technological developments, it will be possible to develop a technique that will adequately reconcile humane practice requirements with the laws of shehitah. After all, the intent of sh}{\insrsid3691625 ehitah is}{ \insrsid7800429 to protect animals from unnecessary suffering. }{\insrsid11216357 \par }{\insrsid145963 \par }}