Volume 29, Number i, FebruaryI988 1 '75 The Legumes: The Earliest DomesticatedPlants in the Near East?1 DepartmentofLifeSciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52ioo/InstituteofArchaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. 6 III 87 The Near East was a majornucleararea in which agriculture was adopted as a survival strategy about io,ooo years ago. Archaeological and palaeobotanical studies over the last three decades have been aimed at testing thevariousmodels proposedto explainthe emergence of farmingsocieties. In particular,research has concenthe origins,genetic changes, anrd trated on clarifying of methodsofplanting and harvesting cereals.This focus is not surprising, wheat and barleybreadshave been as the staplesthroughout region'srecorded history. Pulses, have receivedmuch althoughrecognizedas important, less attention(but see Renfrew1973, Zohary and Hopf The widespread use of legumes throughout the Mediterraneanbasin at the dawn of agriculture inis ferred fromthe distribution theirwild ancestorsand of the varietyof regions in which they have been transformedinto domesticatedplants: pea (Pisum sativum) and horsebean(Vicia faba) in the Levant (Ben-Zeevand Zohary 1973, Kislev i985), lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Anatolia (Ladizinsky (Lathyrussativus) in the Balkan Peninsula,flat-podded vetchling (L. cicera) in southwesternEurope (Kislev n.d.), and such so-called less importantlegumes as V. narbonensis in the Near East (Scheibe 1934) and Lens nigricans in southern Europe (Ladizinsky and Braun i983). Because of theirsuperiornutritional value, early ripening,and wide environmental distribution, pulses may perhapshave been cultivatedearlierthancerealsin the Near East and served as a model forthe raisingof additionalcrops. Currentviews on the historyof plant domestication rely on the scanty archaeobotanicalevidence and the historicalevolution of agriculturaleconomies. On the basis of radiometricdates, most authoritiesagree that the domesticationof cereals and pulses occurredduring the 8th and 7th millennia b.c. (Renfrewi969, Zohary and Hopf 1973, van Zeist 1976, Hopf i983). Whereas 1979, 1973, Ladizinsky and Adler 1976, and Ladizinsky 1979). M. E. KISLEV AND 0. BAR-YOSEF pulses. Therefore,when the latter are uncovered in archaeological deposits, it is difficultto determine It whethertheywere cultivatedor gathered. is generally assumed that wild pulses and wild cereals, along with the herbs,etc.,formed various otherseeds, nuts,tubers, in vegetal diet of Epi-Palaeolithichunter-gatherers the Levant,but because of the absence of plant remainsin most sites of this period this assumptionhas not been verified.2Ethnographicdata indicate that prehistoric Mediterraneanpeople, like other mid-latitudehuman of gatherers vegetal foodgroups,were predominantly stuffs (Gaulin and Konner 1977). We suggestthat these intimateknowledgeof the vegetation hunter-gatherers' enabled them,in a later period,to enterinto new relationshipsinvolvingthe propagationand cultivationof stones in the selected species. The presenceof grinding LevantineUpper Palaeolithic and poundingtools (mortars and pestles) in Epi-Palaeolithic sites (Bar-Yosef is by partof the vegetaldiet. This contention supported measurementsof Sr/Ca ratios in skeletal remainsfrom sites of these periods(Sillen I984). Such preadaptations were necessaryforthe evolution of subsistencestrategies into the manipulation of the reproductionand growthof some plants thatheraldedwhat we generally call the "Agricultural Revolution." it Amongthe annuals ofthe easternMediterranean, is the cereals and the pulses that produce the best edible seeds forhumans. Otherspecies, such as Chenopodium and earlysumalbum, also yield seeds in the late spring to mer, but these are oftensmaller and more difficult processinto food(Helbaek I960). Cereals and pulses difmay have ferin various respects,and these differences been crucial for the decision making of prehistoric gatherers. Cereals grow in large natural stands that cover hundreds of hectares in the oak-pistachiobelt of the Near East (Harlan and Zohary I963). Pulses are basically disbut in shrubland persedwithinthe same Mediterranean smallerpatches. Cereals ripen and can be harvestedfromearly May on and untilthe end ofJune, depending topography location.Pulses ripenin March-April,generally monthbea forethe cereals (Gophna and Kislev 1979, Plitmannand Kislevn.d.).Withinthe same patchnot all thepods ripen if at the same time,a traitenablinga second harvesting the plants are not uprooted. The collection of wild cereals has few requirements. Hand pickingand a basket are sufficient. Pluckingthe 2. The absenceofplantremains can be partially explained the by i980, I98I) use to testifies thepossible ofwildseedsas Ladizinsky and Adler 1976), chickling vetch chanceforpreservation. Only whenparched, roasted, accidenor tallycharred theyfound archaeological are in deposits. Moreover, I. ? I988 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation Anthropological Mediterranean for soils providepoor conditions preservation, for as Research. All rights reserved OOII-3204/88/29oi-ooo9$I.oo. repeatedsubjectionto wet wintersfollowedby dry summers We aregrateful J. Speth(MuseumofAnthropology, to D. University of quicklydestroys vegetalresidues. addition, dearth plant In the of Ann Arbor), Wetterstrom, the late G. Ll. Isaac remainsis partlythe resultof excavationmethodsthat do not Michigan, W. and (PeabodyMuseum, HarvardUniversity) manyhelpfulcom- includethe flotation careful for or dry-sieving (usingfinemesh)and mentson an earlier draft thispaper. arefully of We responsible for handpicking thatare essential therecovery botanical for of specianyshortcomings thepresent of version. mens. wild and domesticatedwheat and barleyare readilydis- natureoffruit seed processing consumption. and and Wheneaten most fruits and seeds have little tinguished morphologicallythis is not the case for raw or groundinto porridge, This content downloaded from 128.103.149.52 on Mon, 12 May 2014 00:41:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions I76 1 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY entireplantis not as easy as withpulses. Only when th( straw is needed (e.g., as material for basketry)doe the use of a sickle become essential. Examples of suci use have recentlybeen discoveredin Nahal Hemar, < Neolithic site in the JudeanDesert (Bar Pre-Pottery Yosef I98 5). Domesticated cereals, with their non cut brittle rachises,are most effectively in buncheswiti a sickle. Pulses, whetherwild or domesticated,can b( gatheredwithout this tool. Except forhorsebean,the) usuallyhave no majorstalk,and thebrancheseitherlear on each otheror spreadacross the ground.Pluckingth( way of re the whole plant is therefore most efficient the trieving maximumnumberofpods. Needless to say the best time forcollection is beforethe pods dryand of open. The patchydistribution pulses makes a "feed (Isaac i984) most efficient. as-you-go"strategy Separatingthe grainsof wild cereals fromtheirhard and perhapspoundingand sort glumesrequiresroasting ing. The firstdomesticates, emmer and barley,have awns thantheirancestors(Zo softer glumesand thinner hary i969). The naked grainsof the fullydomesticated species are more easily made into flour or porridge pods Pulses may be consumed raw with no preparation; may be eaten greenor openedfortheirseeds. In thehalf green,half-yellowstage, beforefullymature,pulsespea-may be and garden especiallychickpea,horsebean, whole chick roastedand eaten. Bunches ofhalf-roasted pea plants,called hamle malane in Arabic,are still con sumed today(Avitsuri968). Dried pulse seeds,however, includinghoursofsoakingin demandmorepreparation, wateror poundingfollowedby soakingand/orcooking. In contrast to cereals, several species of pulses are toxic.While lentil,pea, and chickpea,theleadingpulses are in Old Worldagriculture, not, horsebeanis slightly toxicand cannotbe eaten byindividualswithhereditary glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenasedeficiency(Szeinberg,Sheba, and Adam I958). In such individualsingestion of the bean or inhalation of its pollen can cause a favism, hemolyticanemia expressedbypallor,fatigue, dyspnea, nausea, abdominal or back pain, fever,and undersix yearsol chills. Favismmay be fatalto children age (Mager, Chevion, and Glaser I980). The most dangerousmodernpulses are two species of Lathyrus, vetchling.The formei chicklingvetch and flat-podded (L. sativus) is generallygrownin countries,such as India, where failureof cereal cropsis anticipatedbecause the of recurrent drought.Lathyrism, disease caused by by theirconsumption,is characterized paralysisof the to legs.It occurswhen thepulse accountsfora third hall of the daily caloric intake for a period of three to six males. Today monthsand oftenattacks 20-30-year-old it is more common in rural India than in the circumMediterraneancountries or East Africa (Padmanaban the To reduce the risk of favism or lathyrism, I980). seeds must be boiled and drainedor soaked ovemight and then dried; these proceduresextractup to 8o% ol I980). thetoxins (Padmanaban TABLE in Food Nutrients Gramsper Ioo g Edible Protein Calories Nuts Acoms Almonds Pistachios Pulses(dry) Peas Lentils Chickpeas Horsebeans vetch Chickling Cereals Wheat Barley Meat Goat Lamb Mutton SOURCES: I Protein Fat Carbohydrate 6io 594 340 270 4.8 i8.6 20.0 24.0 5.1 54.2 54.0 I.2 53.9 I6.9 15.0 59.0 59.0 335 326 22.5 20.0 24.5 27.4 I2.0 I0.5 I.0 5.1 1.4 I.I 2.2 2.1 9.2 2I.0 39.0 6o.o 55.5 59.8 7I.0 72.0 350 345 342 356 267 440 I57 I8.4 17.0 22.5 0 0 0 Guggenheim (I976), Hassan (I976), and Harris (i98i). and (I97I), Gopalan,Ramasastri, Balasubramanian values of cereals and pulses are someThe nutritional and what similar,except thatproteincontentis greater ofbetter qualityin the latter(tables i and 2). The caloric values of pulses and cereals are in the same range,and values are similar. Althougha full comcarbohydrate parison between wild and domesticatedformsis not available,lentilsofbothtypesexhibitbasicallythesame values (G. Ladizinsky,personal communication).That proteinquality is betterin pulses than in cereals is due to the highercontentof amino acids such as lysine(two valine,and isoleucine (a to threetimesmore),threonine, the quarterto half again as much). Pulses are therefore closest vegetalreplacementformeat protein. winin Forhunter-gatherers Levantineenvironments, terwas the season ofresourcestress,a time not only of in calorie shortagebut also of difficulty obtainingadequate fatand protein(Spethand Spielmann I983). Fats, acids, linoleic and linolenic especiallythe essentialfatty acids, could have been providedby wild olives (Gophna and Kislev I979), pistachios, and the seeds of annuals such as Linum and Papaver. Pulses would have been a good source of protein. pulses had at least To sum up, forhunter-gatherers, these advantages over wild cereals: they ripen in late when meat shortagein the Levant spring, winter/early mighthave been at its peak even if storagewas pracand,finally, ticed;theyare easily collectedand prepared; their patchy distributionmight have helped alleviate possible conflictover territory. The exploitationof pulses is not uniquely a human and A strategy. large numberof insects,birds,rodents, ruminantsalso consume them, and some even cache seeds forleaner periods(Smithand Reichman I984). By observingthese animals, humans could have learned about storing pulses. Competitionbetweenhumans and animals in gatheringpulses might have depleted the patches more rapidlythan would have happened with This content downloaded from 128.103.149.52 on Mon, 12 May 2014 00:41:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Volume 29, Number i, FebruaryI988 TABLE 2 1 I77 EssentialAmino-AcidCompositionofAnimal and Plant Foods in Gramsper IOO g ofNitrogen Food Beef Histidine ii-28 I4-2I Isoleucine I8-37 26-39 Leucine 4i-62 42-54 Lysine 44-76 4I-59 Methionine I2-20 I4-I6 II-2I I6-I7 Phenylalanine 21-37 23-3I Threonine 23-35 24-33 Tryptophan 4-I2 6-iO Valine 3I-44 29-35 Lamb Pork Rabbit Eggs Wheat Barley Chickpeas Lentils Peas I4-29 I4 25-40 32 9-23 8-i6 8-I5 32-52 19-30 20-30 32-39 44-54 48-49 49-6I 35-43 34-44 42-50 46-62 52-55 22-28 23-24 22-34 30-3I 5-9 - 30-36 30-3I I3-2I ii-i6 I3-29 27-4I 29-45 34-53 42-64 32-49 I3-22 I4-22 34-57 3I-46 40-55 9-29 4-I8 6-I3 5-I3 2-IO 28-50 23-36 24-36 23-42 24-46 II-2I I4-25 I7-30 7-I3 5-8 5-IO 2-9 I-I2 4I-55 22-30 24-33 25-39 2-i8 23-33 23-40 I5-3I I8-3I 2-I2 30-40 26-49 SOURCE: Altman and Dittmer (i968:9-56). TABLE EarliestArchaeologicalRecordsofEasternMediterranean Pulses Site Kebara Hayonim Cave Franchthi 14C Date B.C. 3 Viciae Cicer Lathyrus Lens Pisum Vicia ervilia Vicia faba Source (Mousterian) I0,400-I0,000 II,000-7000 gooo-8500 a _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Mesolithic) Salibiya IX Jericho (PPNA) Mureybit AswadI AbuHureyra (Neolithic) Jericho (PPNB) Beidha Qayonu 2-5 Hacilar (Aceramic) Aswad II GhoraifeI Franchthi Qay6nu I Abu Hureyra I Hillman (1975) and Hopf Bar-Yosef (n.d.) HansenandRenfrew (I978) 8300-7300 8050-7550 7800-7300 (Khiamian) * 50 I79 I - 2 20 - - - 5 I - 6 39 45 - - observation Kislev, personal Hopf(I983) van Zeist(I970), van Zeist and Casparie (I968) vanZeistandBakker-Heeres vanZeist(I972) Hillman (I975) (I979, i985) 7500-7200 7500-6500 7300-6500 7200-6500 6750 67 I2 - 2 - 7000-6600 7000-6500 6800-6300 7300-6000 6500 6450-6I50 6400-6I00 6500-6000 6600-6ooo 6350-6050 6ioo 6000 6000 6I00-5800 3,200 - 267 3 - I 640 i62 553 3 2I 344 II4 - I4I - I 30 I72 24 - - - Ain Ghazal RamadI Knossos Cape Andreas Prodromos RamadL Ali Kosh(AK phase) II Ghoraife Jarmo Can Hasan lI Yiftah'el (Mesolithic) - 3 I - 3 36 I9 - 2,750 - Helbaek (I970) van ZeistandBakker-Heeres (I985) van ZeistandBakker-Heeres (I985) and Renfrew(I978) Hansen Hopf(I983) vanZeist(I972) Helbaek(i966) (7-4 kg) I - _ vanZeistandBakker-Heeres (I985) Helbaek(I969) van ZeistandBakker-Heeres (I985) 32 - I5 - 7 _ - - 65oo-6ooo 45 II _ - 37 - I Helbaek(I959) 200 - 75 2I0 I47 I3 _ - 25 - 2 - 2I 20 I4I 558 4 28i I43 - - van Zeist and Bakker-Heeres(I985) Evan (I968) van Zeist (i98I) Halstead and Jones(I980) van Zeist and Bakker-Heeres(I985) Rollefson (I985) Hillman (I972) NOTE: The numbers are of seeds found,including those of related species. a16 but *,Present notcounted. Lupinus. This content downloaded from 128.103.149.52 on Mon, 12 May 2014 00:41:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 178 1 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Y. K. I976. Human nutrition He(in brew).Jerusalem: Magness Press. P., AND G. JONES. I980. EarlyNeolithic the and earlyspring, harshestseasons in Levantineenvi- HALSTEAD, excavaeconomyin Thessaly: Some evidencefrom ronments,might have encouraged fission of huntertionsat Prodromos. Anthropologika I:93-II7. by justified thepatchy groupsthatwas partially gatherer HANSEN, Y., AND J. M. RENFREW. I978. Palaeolithicof distribution the available resources. Neolithic seed remainsat Franchthi Cave, Greece. The archaeological recordis not detailed enough to Nature 27I:349-52. test this hypothesis(table 3; see also Plitmannand Kisof lev n.d.). Several indicationsmake it seem worthwhile, HARLAN, J. R., AND D. ZOHARY. I966. Distribution wildwheats barley. and ScienceI53:I074-80. thatpulses playeda however,to considerthe possibility of more important role in human diet duringthe Palaeo- HARRIS, D. R. I98I. "The prehistory human subsistence: A speculativeoutline,"in Food, nutrition, and lithic than has been envisaged.Pulses have been found evolution.EditedbyD. N. Walcherand N. Kietchin the Mousterian layers of Kebara Cave, in Early pp. mer, I5-35. New York:Masson. Natufian layers at Hayonim Cave (Hopf and Bar-Yosef and at n.d.),in theLate NatufianofAbu Hureyra, theKhiam- HASSAN, F. A. I976. "Diet, nutrition, agricultural originsin the Near East," in Originede l'6levage et ian site of Salibiya IX (ca. I0,500 b.p.) in the Lower de la domestication. Editedby E. Higgs,pp. 227-47. and Valley (Kislev,personalobservation), in every Jordan Preprints, UISPP Congress,Nice. b.p.). In earlyNeolithicsite (I0,300-8,000 excavated several farmingcommunities,such as Ali Kosh (Bus H E L B A E K, H. I959. Domestication offoodplantsin the ScienceI30:365-72. Old World. Mordehphase, ca. 9,ooo b.p.),Yiftah'el(8,700-8,500 .I960. Commenton Chenopodium albumas a b.p.),and Ain Ghazal (8,6oo-8,ooo b.p.),pulses were the foodplant in prehistory. Berichtuiber das Geobotaprimaryvegetal staple. The presence of pulses among Riibel nischeForschungsinstitut in Zurich3I:I6-I9. fromarchaeological plant remainsretrieved the charred at Neolithic farming Beidha: .I966. Pre-Pottery sites seems to predatethat of wild cereals. Their nutriA preliminary Palestine ExplorationQuarreport. tional value, timing of availability,and accessibility would have made them ideal candidates forgathering terly98:6I-66. and "Plant collecting, farming, irriga.I969. dry and laterforcultivationby the latest Levantinehunterin Deh Luran,"in Prehistion agriculture prehistoric or gatherers earliestfarmers. toryand human ecologyof the Deh Luran Plain. and Editedby F. Hole, K. V. Flannery, A. J.Neely, pp. of 383-426. Ann Arbor:University MichiganPress. Cited References "The plant husbandry Hacilar: A study of .I970. in I968. Metaboofcultivationand domestication," Excavations at P. L., AND D. S. DITTMER. ALTMAN, of Hacilar, vol. I. Editedby J. Mellaart,pp. i89-244. lism. Bethesda,Md.: Federation AmericanSociPress. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Biology. eties forExperimental G. C. I972. "Plant remains,"in Papersin of HILLMAN, S. I968. Forerunners bread (in Hebrew). AVITSUR, Editedby E. Higgs,pp. I 82-8&. economicprehistory. Tel Aviv. Press. of Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity o. I980. Prehistory the Levant.Annual BAR-YOSEF, Tell Abu .I975. The plant remainsfrom 9: Review ofAnthropology I0I-33. Hureyra:A preliminary report. Proceedingsof the . I98I. "The Epi-Palaeolithiccomplexesin the Prehistoric Society4I:70-73. du SouthernLevant,"in Prehistoire Levant.Editedby M. I983. "Jericho HOPF, plantremains,"in Excavations J.Cauvin and P. Sanlaville,pp. 389-408. Paris: Edivol. at Jericho, 5. Editedby K. M. Kenyonand T. A. tions C.N.R.S. London: BritishSchool ofArHolland, pp. 576-62I. i985. A cave in the desert:Nahal Hemar. Israel I chaeologyin Jerusalem. Catalogue 258. Museum, Jerusalem, n.d. Plantremains from HOPF, M., AND 0. BAR-YOSEF. I973. Species relaN., AND D. ZOHARY. BEN-ZEEV, of Hayonim Cave, westernGalilee. Paleorient.In press. tionshipsin the genus Pisum L. Israel Journal of G. LL. I984. "The archaeology human oriISAAC, Botany22:73-9I. gins: Studies ofthe lower Pleistocenein East Africa EVANS, J. D. I968. Knossos Neolithic. 2. Annual of the vol. I97I-I98 I," in Advances in worldarchaeology, BritishSchool at Athens 63:239-76. and 3. Editedby F. Wendorf A. E. Close, pp. I-87. I977. "On the natS. J. C., AND M. KONNER. GAULIN, New York: Academic Press. includinghumans,"in Nutriural diet ofprimates, 1980, (Bar-Yosef forthe Epi-Palaeolithic stands of wild cereals,and pressureon these patchyrein sources might have led to experimentation sowing no pulses. This stepwould have required special preparaon before intenthe tionand could have occurred and off tional cultivationof cereals. Perhapswe should add this that precededthe activityto the list of preadaptations Levantine farmingcomestablishmentof full-fledged of munities. Moreover,the patchy distribution pulses mighthelp to explain the settlementpatternrecorded 198I). J. Wurtman, i-86. New York: Raven Press. J. pp. GOPALAN, C., B. V. RAMASASTRI, I971. MANIAN. tion and brain,vol. I. Editedby R. J.Wurtman and S. C. BALASUBRA- Proximateprinciples, minerals,and vitamins:Nutritivevalues ofIndian foods.New Delhi: Indian Council forMedical Research. GOPHNA, R., AND M. E. KISLEV. I979.'Tel Saf (I977I978). RevueBiblique86:II2-I4. Winter GUGGENHEIM, This content downloaded from 128.103.149.52 on Mon, 12 May 2014 00:41:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Volume 29, Number i, FebruaryI988| KISLEV, I79 Some economic and ecological aspects ofthe plant of husbandry Tell Aswad. Paleorient 5:I6I-69. studiesin the Levant. . I985. Archaeobotanical i. Neolithic sites in the Damascus basin: Aswad, Ramad. Palaeohistoria 24:i65-256. Ghoraife, I966. PalaeobotanW., AND S. BOTTEMA. VAN ZEIST, at ical investigations Ramad. Annales Archeolo87: I 69-76. I980. "FavAND G. GLASER. MAGER, J., M. CHEVION, giques Arabes SyriennesI 6: I 79-80. 2d I968. Wild einW., AND W. A. CASPARIE. of VAN ZEIST, ism," in Toxic constituents plant foodstuffs, in from Tell Mureybit northedition.Editedby I. E. Liener,pp. 265-94. New York kom wheatand barley and London: Academic Press. ernSyria.Acta Botanica Neerlandica I7:44-5 3. in of G. I980. "Lathyrogens," Toxic conPADMANABAN, ZOHARY, D. I969. "The progenitors wheat and bar2d disstituentsofplant foodstuffs, edition.Editedby ley in relationto domesticationand agricultural I. E. Liener,pp. 239-63. New York: Academic Press. persalin the Old World,"in The domesticationand n.d. Biological V., AND M. E. KISLEV. PLITMANN, exploitationofplants and animals. Editedby P. J. Annals changesofpulses induced by domestication. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby,pp. 47-66. London: Duckworth. of theMissouri Botanical Garden. In press. I973. Domesticationof D., AND M. HOPF. RENFREW, j. M. I969. "The archaeologicalevidencefor ZOHARY, the domesticationofplants: Methods and problems," pulses in the Old World.Science i82:887-94. in The domesticationand exploitationofplants and animals. Editedby P. J.Ucko and G. M. Dimbleby, pp. I49-72. London: Duckworth. food . I 973. Palaeoethnobotany:The prehistoric plants of theNear East and Europe.New York: Columbia University Press. G. O. I985. The I983 season at the Early ROLLEFSON, Neolithic site ofAin Ghazal. National Geographic Research I:44-62. LAZARE DIGOMBE, P. R. SCHMIDT, und NutzungsS C H E I B E, A. I 934. Uber Vorkommen VINCENT MOULEINGUI-BOUKOSSO, weise derWilderbse(Pisum elatius Stev.)und der JEAN-BERNARD MOMBO, AND MICHEL LOCKO "Wildbohne"(Vicia narbonensisvar.intermedia Scientific ResearchProgramme Archaeology on Strobl)in Anatolien.Der Zuichter 6:234-40. A. I984. Dietary changein the Epi-Palaeolithic (Digombe),Departmentof Geography SILLEN, (Mouleingui-Boukosso, Mombo), Departmentof and Neolithic ofthe Levant: The Sr/Ca evidence. Historyand Archaeology(Locko), Omar Bongo PaleorientI0:I49-55. University, Libreville,Gabon/Department of C. C., AND 0. J. REICHMAN. I984. The evoluSMITH, Anthropology, Brown University, Providence,RI. tion offoodcachingby birdsand mammals.Annual 029I2, U.S.A. (Schmidt).i6 II 87 Review ofEcologyand SystematicsI 5:329-5 I . I983. Energy SPETH, J. D., AND K. A. SPIELMANN. dates recently reported fromthe sub- The set of radiocarbon source,proteinmetabolism,and hunter-gatherer South-eastern regionofGabon's UpperOgooue Province ArJournal Anthropological sistencestrategies. of (Digombe,Schmidt,et al. I985), ofgreatconsequencefor chaeology2:I-3 I. the study of the AfricanIron Age and Africanhistory AND A. ADAM. I958. A., CH. SHEBA, SZEINBERG, (see Digombe, Schmidt,et al. i984), has been enriched in Selectiveoccurrenceofglutathione instability red by ten more dates fromMoanda in Upper Ogooue Provtribes.Blood blood corpusclesofthe variousJewish ince and threeEarlyIron Age dates fromLac Bleu near I3:I043-53. Mouila, the capital of Ngounie Province (Schmidt,DiexcavaVAN ZEIST, W. I970. The OrientalInstitute I). et gombe, al. i985) (fig. The Lac Bleu and Mouanda on tions at Mureybit, report the Syria:Preliminary dates (including one of those previouslyreported)are Journal of Near I965 campaign.3. The paleobotany. particularly important because theyare directly associEasternStudies 29:I67-76. ated with EarlyIron Age smelting.These dates and the . I972. Palaeobotanicalresultsofthe I970 season industrialevidence associated with them constitute the at Qayonil, Turkey.Helinium I2:I-I9. . I976. On macroscopictracesoffoodplantsin Asia. Philosophical Transactionsof the i. ? I988 by The Wenner-Gren southwestern Foundation Anthropological for Research. rights All reserved Royal SocietyofLondon B 275:27-4I. ooiI-3204/88/29oi-0008$i.oo. from M. E. I 9 85. EarlyNeolithic horsebean Yiftah'el, Israel. Science 228:3 I 9-20. . n.d. Originsofthe cultivationofLathyrus sativus and L. cicera. MS. of G. I979. The origin lentil and its wild LADIZINSKY, genepool.Euphytica28:I79-87. of I976. The origin G., AND A. ADLER. LADIZINSKY, chickpea Cicer arietinumL. Euphytica25:2II-I7. I983. Evidencefor G., AND D. BRAUN. LADIZINSKY, of domestication Lens nigricans(M. Bieb.) Godronin of S. Europe.Botanical Journal the Linnaean Society Cape Andreas-Kas. I 98 I. "Plant remainsfrom tros(Cyprus),"in Un site neolithiquepreceramique Editedby A. le en Chypre:Cap Andreas-Kastros. Paris: EditionsA.D.P.F. Brun,pp. 95-I00. VAN ZEIST, W., AND J. A. H. BAKKER-HEERES. I979. The Development of an Early Iron Age Prehistory Gabon, in This content downloaded from 128.103.149.52 on Mon, 12 May 2014 00:41:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions