Wernick, Naomi L. B.Chinnapen, Daniel J.-F.Cho, Jin AhLencer, Wayne I.2019-10-052010Wernick, Naomi L. B., Daniel J.-F. Chinnapen, Jin Ah Cho, and Wayne I. Lencer. 2010. “Cholera Toxin: An Intracellular Journey into the Cytosol by Way of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.” Toxins 2 (3): 310–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2030310.2072-6651http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41483331Cholera toxin (CT), an AB(5)-subunit toxin, enters host cells by binding the ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and travels retrograde through the trans-Golgi Network into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, a portion of CT, the enzymatic A1-chain, is unfolded by protein disulfide isomerase and retro-translocated to the cytosol by hijacking components of the ER associated degradation pathway for misfolded proteins. After crossing the ER membrane, the A1-chain refolds in the cytosol and escapes rapid degradation by the proteasome to induce disease by ADP-ribosylating the large G-protein Gs and activating adenylyl cyclase. Here, we review the mechanisms of toxin trafficking by GM1 and retro-translocation of the A1-chain to the cytosol.en-USJournal Article2019-10-0510.3390/toxins2030310