Kuchta, AlisonRahman, TaiburSennott, Erica L.Bhuyian, Taufiqur R.Uddin, TaherRashu, RasheduzzamanChowdhury, FahimaKahn, Ashraf I.Arifuzzaman, MohammadWeil, Ana A.Podolsky, MichaelLaRocque, Regina C.Ryan, Edward T.Calderwood, Stephen B.Qadri, FirdausiHarris, Jason B.2019-10-122011Kuchta, Alison, Taibur Rahman, Erica L. Sennott, Taufiqur R. Bhuyian, Taher Uddin, Rasheduzzaman Rashu, Fahima Chowdhury, et al. 2011. “Vibrio Cholerae O1 Infection Induces Proinflammatory CD4 +T-Cell Responses in Blood and Intestinal Mucosa of Infected Humans.” Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18 (8): 1371–77. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.05088-11.1556-679X1556-6811http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41542658Vibrio cholerae O1 is a noninvasive enteric pathogen and serves as a model for studies of mucosal immunity. Although symptomatic V. cholerae infection induces durable protection against subsequent disease, vaccination with oral killed whole-cell V. cholerae stimulates less long-lasting protection against cholera. In this study, we demonstrated that cholera induces an early proinflammatory cellular immune response that results in priming of Th1- and Th17-type cytokine responses to ex vivo antigenic stimulation and an increase in the ratio of Th1 to Th2 CD4(+) T-cell responses. Comparable priming of Th1 and Th17 responses, with an increased ratio of Th1 to Th2 CD4(+) T-cell responses, was not observed in subjects who received two doses of the oral cholera vaccine Dukoral (a whole-cell cholera toxin B subunit containing [WC-CTB] vaccine). These findings suggest that natural V. cholerae infection induces an early, proinflammatory cellular immune response, despite the apparent lack of clinical signs of inflammation. The failure of the WC-CTB vaccine to activate equivalent, CD4(+) T-cell responses is a potential explanation for the shorter duration of protection following immunization with this vaccine. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these early T-cell-mediated events predict the subsequent duration of immunologic memory.en-USJournal Article2019-10-1210.1128/CVI.05088-11