Sampson, Robert2013-11-192013Sampson, Robert J. 2013. “The Place of Context: A Theory and Strategy for Criminology's Hard Problems.” Criminology 51 (1) (February 24): 1-31. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12002.0011-13841745-9125http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11324028I present a theoretical framework and analytic strategy for the study of place as a fundamental context in criminology, with a focus on neighborhood effects. My approach builds on the past 15 years of research from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods and from a recent book unifying the results. I argue that “ecometrics” can be applied at multiple scales, and I elaborate core principles and guiding hypotheses for five problems: 1) legacies of inequality and developmental neighborhood effects; 2) race, crime, and the new diversity; 3) cognition and context, above all the social meaning of disorder; 4) the measurement and sources of collective efficacy in a cosmopolitan world; and 5) higher order structures beyond the neighborhood that arise in complex urban systems. Although conceptually distinct, these hard problems are interdependent and ultimately linked to a frontier in criminology: contextual causality.en-UScontextplaceneighborhood effectsinequalityJournal Article2013-11-19Robert J. Sampson2013-11-1910.1111/1745-9125.12002