Okubo, YoshiakiMera, ToshiyukiWang, LimeiFaustman, Denise2014-03-112013Okubo, Yoshiaki, Toshiyuki Mera, Limei Wang, and Denise L. Faustman. 2013. “Homogeneous Expansion of Human T-Regulatory Cells Via Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2.” Scientific Reports 3 (1): 3153. doi:10.1038/srep03153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep03153.2045-2322http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11879186T-regulatory cells (Tregs) are a rare lymphocyte subtype that shows promise for treating infectious disease, allergy, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmunity, and asthma. Clinical applications of Tregs have not been fully realized because standard methods of expansion ex vivo produce heterogeneous progeny consisting of mixed populations of CD4 + T cells. Heterogeneous progeny are risky for human clinical trials and face significant regulatory hurdles. With the goal of producing homogeneous Tregs, we developed a novel expansion protocol targeting tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) on Tregs. In in vitro studies, a TNFR2 agonist was found superior to standard methods in proliferating human Tregs into a phenotypically homogeneous population consisting of 14 cell surface markers. The TNFR2 agonist-expanded Tregs also were functionally superior in suppressing a key Treg target cell, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Targeting the TNFR2 receptor during ex vivo expansion is a new means for producing homogeneous and potent human Tregs for clinical opportunities.en-USJournal Article2014-03-1110.1038/srep03153