Minev, I. R.Musienko, P.Hirsch, A.Barraud, Q.Wenger, N.Moraud, E. M.Gandar, J.Capogrosso, M.Milekovic, T.Asboth, L.Torres, R. F.Vachicouras, N.Liu, Q.Pavlova, N.Duis, S.Larmagnac, A.Voros, J.Micera, S.Suo, ZhigangCourtine, G.Lacour, S. P.2015-02-042015Minev, I. R., P. Musienko, A. Hirsch, Q. Barraud, N. Wenger, E. M. Moraud, J. Gandar, et al. 2015. “Electronic Dura Mater for Long-Term Multimodal Neural Interfaces.” Science 347 (6218) (January 8): 159–163. doi:10.1126/science.1260318.0036-8075http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13943563The mechanical mismatch between soft neural tissues and stiff neural implants hinders the long-term performance of implantable neuroprostheses. Here, we designed and fabricated soft neural implants with the shape and elasticity of dura mater, the protective membrane of the brain and spinal cord. The electronic dura mater, which we call e-dura, embeds interconnects, electrodes, and chemotrodes that sustain millions of mechanical stretch cycles, electrical stimulation pulses, and chemical injections. These integrated modalities enable multiple neuroprosthetic applications. The soft implants extracted cortical states in freely behaving animals for brain-machine interface and delivered electrochemical spinal neuromodulation that restored locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury.en-USJournal Article2015-01-25Ivan R. Minev, Pavel Musienko, Arthur Hirsch, Quentin Barraud, Nikolaus Wenger2, Eduardo Martin Moraud4, Jérôme Gandar2, Marco Capogrosso4, Tomislav Milekovic2, Léonie Asboth, Rafael Fajardo Torres, Nicolas Vachicouras, Qihan Liu, Natalia Pavlova, Simone Duis, Alexandre Larmagnac, Janos Vörös, Silvestro Micera, Zhigang Suo, Grégoire Courtine, Stéphanie P. Lacour2015-02-0410.1126/science.1260318