Kratochwill, KlausBoehm, MichaelHerzog, RebeccaGruber, KatharinaLichtenauer, Anton MichaelKuster, LilianCsaicsich, DagmarGleiss, AndreasAlper, SethAufricht, ChristophVychytil, Andreas2016-12-022016Kratochwill, K., M. Boehm, R. Herzog, K. Gruber, A. M. Lichtenauer, L. Kuster, D. Csaicsich, et al. 2016. “Addition of Alanyl-Glutamine to Dialysis Fluid Restores Peritoneal Cellular Stress Responses – A First-In-Man Trial.” PLoS ONE 11 (10): e0165045. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165045.1932-6203http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29625971Background: Peritonitis and ultrafiltration failure remain serious complications of chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). Dysfunctional cellular stress responses aggravate peritoneal injury associated with PD fluid exposure, potentially due to peritoneal glutamine depletion. In this randomized cross-over phase I/II trial we investigated cytoprotective effects of alanyl-glutamine (AlaGln) addition to glucose-based PDF. Methods: In a prospective randomized cross-over design, 20 stable PD outpatients underwent paired peritoneal equilibration tests 4 weeks apart, using conventional acidic, single chamber 3.86% glucose PD fluid, with and without 8 mM supplemental AlaGln. Heat-shock protein 72 expression was assessed in peritoneal effluent cells as surrogate parameter of cellular stress responses, complemented by metabolomics and functional immunocompetence assays. Results: AlaGln restored peritoneal glutamine levels and increased the primary outcome heat-shock protein expression (effect 1.51-fold, CI 1.07–2.14; p = 0.022), without changes in peritoneal ultrafiltration, small solute transport, or biomarkers reflecting cell mass and inflammation. Further effects were glutamine-like metabolomic changes and increased ex-vivo LPS-stimulated cytokine release from healthy donor peripheral blood monocytes. In patients with a history of peritonitis (5 of 20), AlaGln supplementation decreased dialysate interleukin-8 levels. Supplemented PD fluid also attenuated inflammation and enhanced stimulated cytokine release in a mouse model of PD-associated peritonitis. Conclusion: We conclude that AlaGln-supplemented, glucose-based PD fluid can restore peritoneal cellular stress responses with attenuation of sterile inflammation, and may improve peritoneal host-defense in the setting of PD.en-USEcology and Environmental SciencesLimnologyEffluentEarth SciencesMarine and Aquatic SciencesMedicine and Health SciencesDiagnostic MedicineSigns and SymptomsPeritonitisPathology and Laboratory MedicineBiology and Life SciencesImmunologyImmune ResponseInflammationModel OrganismsAnimal ModelsMouse ModelsPhysical SciencesChemistryChemical CompoundsOrganic CompoundsAmino AcidsAcidic Amino AcidsGlutamineOrganic ChemistryBiochemistryProteinsCell Enumeration TechniquesMolecular BiologyMolecular Biology TechniquesMolecular Biology Assays and Analysis TechniquesAmino Acid AnalysisMetabolismMetabolomicsJournal Article2016-12-0210.1371/journal.pone.0165045