Wood, Brian R.Buitrago, Martha O.Patel, SugatHachey, David H.Haneuse, SebastienHarrington, Robert D.2015-08-032015Wood, Brian R., Martha O. Buitrago, Sugat Patel, David H. Hachey, Sebastien Haneuse, and Robert D. Harrington. 2015. “Mycobacterium avium Complex Osteomyelitis in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Case Series and Literature Review.” Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2 (3): ofv090. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofv090.2328-8957http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17820726In persons with advanced immunosuppression, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) typically causes disseminated disease with systemic symptoms. We report 2 cases in which MAC caused localized osteomyelitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy with rising CD4 counts. We summarize 17 additional cases of HIV-associated MAC osteomyelitis from the literature and compare CD4 count at presentation for vertebral cases versus nonvertebral cases, which reveals a significantly higher CD4 at presentation for vertebral cases (median 251 cells/µL vs 50 cells/µL; P = .043; Mann–Whitney U test). The literature review demonstrates that the majority of cases of MAC osteomyelitis, especially vertebral, occurs in individuals with CD4 counts that have increased to above 100 cells/µL on antiretroviral therapy. Among HIV-infected individuals with osteomyelitis, MAC should be considered a possible etiology, particularly in the setting of immune reconstitution.en-USHIVopportunistic infectionsosteomyelitisJournal Article2015-08-0310.1093/ofid/ofv090