Fu, QiaomeiPosth, CosimoHajdinjak, MatejaPetr, MartinMallick, SwapanFernandes, DanielFurtwängler, AnjaHaak, WolfgangMeyer, MatthiasMittnik, AlissaNickel, BirgitPeltzer, AlexanderRohland, NadinSlon, VivianeTalamo, SahraLazaridis, IosifLipson, MarkMathieson, IainSchiffels, StephanSkoglund, PontusDerevianko, Anatoly P.Drozdov, NikolaiSlavinsky, VyacheslavTsybankov, AlexanderCremonesi, Renata GrifoniMallegni, FrancescoGély, BernardVacca, EligioMorales, Manuel R. GonzálezStraus, Lawrence G.Neugebauer-Maresch, ChristineTeschler-Nicola, MariaConstantin, SilviuMoldovan, Oana TeodoraBenazzi, StefanoPeresani, MarcoCoppola, DonatoLari, MartinaRicci, StefanoRonchitelli, AnnamariaValentin, FrédériqueThevenet, CorinneWehrberger, KurtGrigorescu, DanRougier, HélèneCrevecoeur, IsabelleFlas, DamienSemal, PatrickMannino, Marcello A.Cupillard, ChristopheBocherens, HervéConard, Nicholas J.Harvati, KaterinaMoiseyev, VyacheslavDrucker, Dorothée G.Svoboda, JiříRichards, Michael P.Caramelli, DavidPinhasi, RonKelso, JanetPatterson, NickKrause, JohannesPääbo, SvanteReich, David2022-08-292016-05-02Fu, Qiaomei, Cosimo Posth, Mateja Hajdinjak, Martin Petr, Swapan Mallick, Daniel Fernandes, Anja Furtwängler, et al. 2016. “The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe.” Nature (May 2). doi:10.1038/nature17993.0028-08361476-4687https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37373102Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. We analyze genomewide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. A ~35,000 year old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe during the Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a new genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners appears in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European pre-history.en-USMultidisciplinaryJournal Article2016-03-3120162022-08-2910.1038/nature17993