Speers, C.Tsimelzon, A.Sexton, K.Herrick, A. M.Gutierrez, C.Culhane, AedinQuackenbush, JohnHilsenbeck, S.Chang, J.Brown, P.2016-10-132009Speers, C., A. Tsimelzon, K. Sexton, A. M. Herrick, C. Gutierrez, A. Culhane, J. Quackenbush, S. Hilsenbeck, J. Chang, and P. Brown. 2009. “Identification of Novel Kinase Targets for the Treatment of Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer.” Clinical Cancer Research 15 (20) (October 6): 6327–6340. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1107.1078-0432http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29004172Purpose—Previous gene expression profiling studies of breast cancer have focused on the entire genome to identify genes differentially expressed between estrogen receptor alpha (ER)-positive and ER-alpha-negative cancers. Experimental Design—Here we used gene expression microarray profiling to identify a distinct kinase gene expression profile that identifies ER-negative breast tumors and subsets ER-negative breast tumors into 4 distinct subtypes. Results—Based upon the types of kinases expressed in these clusters, we identify a cell cycle regulatory subset, a S6 kinase pathway cluster, an immunomodulatory kinase expressing cluster, and a MAPK pathway cluster. Furthermore, we show that this specific kinase profile is validated using independent sets of human tumors, and is also seen in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Kinase expression knockdown studies show that many of these kinases are essential for the growth of ERnegative, but not ER-positive, breast cancer cell lines. Finally, survival analysis of patients with breast cancer shows that the S6 kinase pathway signature subtype of ER-negative cancers confers an extremely poor prognosis, while patients whose tumors express high levels of immunomodulatory kinases have a significantly better prognosis. Conclusions—This study identifies a list of kinases that are prognostic and may serve as druggable targets for the treatment of ER-negative breast cancer.en-USJournal Article2016-10-1310.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1107