Nowak, MartinTarnita, CorinaWilson, Edward2015-09-152011Nowak, Martin A., Corina E. Tarnita, and Edward O. Wilson. 2011. “Nowak et Al. Reply.” Nature 471 (7339) (March 24): E9–E10. doi:10.1038/nature09836.0028-0836http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:22565795Our paper challenges the dominant role of inclusive fitness theory in the study of social evolution1. We show that inclusive fitness theory is not a constructive theory that allows a useful mathematical analysis of evolutionary processes. For studying the evolution of cooperation or eusociality we must instead rely on evolutionary game theory or population genetics. The authors of the five comments offer the usual defense of inclusive fitness theory, but do not take into account our new results.en-USJournal Article2015-09-1510.1038/nature09836