Greenberg, StevenZivadinov, R.Lee-Kwen, P.Sharma, JitendraPlanter, M.Umhauer, M.Glenister, N.Bakshi, Rohit2016-11-212016Greenberg, S. J., R. Zivadinov, P. Lee-Kwen, J. Sharma, M. Planter, M. Umhauer, N. Glenister, and R. Bakshi. 2016. “Fludarabine Add-on Therapy in Interferon-Beta-Treated Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Experiencing Breakthrough Disease.” Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders (January 21). doi:10.1177/1756285615626049.1756-2856http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29425093Background: Patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) may experience breakthrough disease despite effective interferon beta (IFNβ) therapy. Fludarabine (FLU) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in lymphoproliferative disorders that may be synergistic when combined with immunomodulatory therapy to control active multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the safety and tolerability of FLU versus monthly methylprednisolone (MP) in IFNβ-treated RRMS patients with breakthrough disease. Clinical and MRI effects of IFNβ-1a plus FLU were evaluated. Methods: Eighteen patients with breakthrough disease [⩾2 relapses over the prior year and ⩾1.0-point increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score sustained for ⩾3 months] after >1 year of IFNβ therapy were enrolled in this prospective, open-label, randomized, proof-of-concept, pilot study. Patients received intravenous (IV) MP 1 g daily for 3 days and then were randomized to receive 3 monthly IV infusions of FLU 25 mg/m2 daily for 5 consecutive days (n = 10) or MP 1 g (n = 8). All patients maintained their intramuscular IFNβ-1a treatment throughout the study. Analyses explored safety signals and directional trends; this preliminary study was not powered to detect clinically meaningful differences. Results: Both combination treatments were safe and well tolerated, with all adverse events mild. Patients treated with IFNβ-1a plus FLU had similar relapse rates, EDSS scores, and MS Functional Composite scores, but significantly less acute corticosteroid use for on-study relapses and better responses on some MRI outcomes, versus patients treated with IFNβ-1a plus MP. Conclusions: Further study of FLU for breakthrough disease in patients with RRMS is warranted.en-USJournal Article2016-02-21156. Greenberg SJ, Lee-Kwen P, Zivadinov R, Sharma J, Planter M, Umhauer M, Glenister N, Bakshi R.10.1177/1756285615626049