Freedberg, KennethKumarasamy, NagalingeswaranBorre, Ethan D.Ross, Eric L.Mayer, KennethLosina, ElenaSwaminathan, SoumyaFlanigan, Timothy P.Walensky, Rochelle2018-07-252018Freedberg, Kenneth A., Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Ethan D. Borre, Eric L. Ross, Kenneth H. Mayer, Elena Losina, Soumya Swaminathan, Timothy P. Flanigan, and Rochelle P. Walensky. 2018. “Clinical Benefits and Cost-Effectiveness of Laboratory Monitoring Strategies to Guide Antiretroviral Treatment Switching in India.” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 34 (6): 486-497. doi:10.1089/aid.2017.0258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2017.0258.http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37298452Abstract Current Indian guidelines recommend twice-annual CD4 testing to monitor first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a plasma HIV RNA test to confirm failure if CD4 declines, which would prompt a switch to second-line ART. We used a mathematical model to assess the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of alternative laboratory monitoring strategies in India. We simulated a cohort of HIV-infected patients initiating first-line ART and compared 11 strategies with combinations of CD4 and HIV RNA testing at varying frequencies. We included adaptive strategies that reduce the frequency of tests after 1 year from 6 to 12 months for virologically suppressed patients. We projected life expectancy, time on failed first-line ART, cumulative 10-year HIV transmissions, lifetime cost (2014 US dollars), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). We defined strategies as cost-effective if their ICER was <1 × the Indian per capita gross domestic product (GDP, $1,600). We found that the current Indian guidelines resulted in a per person life expectancy (from mean age 37) of 150.2 months and a per person cost of $2,680. Adding annual HIV RNA testing increased survival by ∼8 months; adaptive strategies were less expensive than similar nonadaptive strategies with similar life expectancy. The most effective strategy with an ICER <1 × GDP was the adaptive HIV RNA strategy (ICER $840/year). Cumulative 10-year transmissions decreased from 27.2/1,000 person-years with standard-of-care to 20.9/1,000 person-years with adaptive HIV RNA testing. In India, routine HIV RNA monitoring of patients on first-line ART would increase life expectancy, decrease transmissions, be cost-effective, and should be implemented.en-USHIVIndialaboratory monitoringcost-effectivenessJournal Article2018-07-2510.1089/aid.2017.0258