Martin-Gayo, EnriqueCole, Michael B.Kolb, Kellie E.Ouyang, ZhengyuCronin, JacquelineKazer, Samuel W.Ordovas-Montanes, JoseLichterfeld, MathiasWalker, BruceYosef, NirShalek, Alex K.Yu, Xu2018-03-202018Martin-Gayo, E., M. B. Cole, K. E. Kolb, Z. Ouyang, J. Cronin, S. W. Kazer, J. Ordovas-Montanes, et al. 2018. “A Reproducibility-Based Computational Framework Identifies an Inducible, Enhanced Antiviral State in Dendritic Cells from HIV-1 Elite Controllers.” Genome Biology 19 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1385-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-017-1385-x.http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:35014989Background: Human immunity relies on the coordinated responses of many cellular subsets and functional states. Inter-individual variations in cellular composition and communication could thus potentially alter host protection. Here, we explore this hypothesis by applying single-cell RNA-sequencing to examine viral responses among the dendritic cells (DCs) of three elite controllers (ECs) of HIV-1 infection. Results: To overcome the potentially confounding effects of donor-to-donor variability, we present a generally applicable computational framework for identifying reproducible patterns in gene expression across donors who share a unifying classification. Applying it, we discover a highly functional antiviral DC state in ECs whose fractional abundance after in vitro exposure to HIV-1 correlates with higher CD4+ T cell counts and lower HIV-1 viral loads, and that effectively primes polyfunctional T cell responses in vitro. By integrating information from existing genomic databases into our reproducibility-based analysis, we identify and validate select immunomodulators that increase the fractional abundance of this state in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals in vitro. Conclusions: Overall, our results demonstrate how single-cell approaches can reveal previously unappreciated, yet important, immune behaviors and empower rational frameworks for modulating systems-level immune responses that may prove therapeutically and prophylactically useful. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13059-017-1385-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.en-USHIV-1Dendritic cellSingle-cell RNA-seqSingle-cell genomicsElite controllerAdjuvantReproducibilityDifferential expressionJournal Article2018-03-2010.1186/s13059-017-1385-x