Woolcock, Michael2020-11-242019-06Woolcock, Michael. “When Do Development Projects Enhance Community Well-Being?” CID Working Paper Series 2019.355, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, June 2019.https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37366392Many development agencies and governments now seek to engage directly with local communities, whether as a means to the realization of more familiar goals (infrastructure, healthcare, education) or as an end in itself (promoting greater inclusion, participation, well-being). These same agencies and governments, however, are also under increasing pressure to formally demonstrate that their actions ‘work’ and achieve their goals within relatively short timeframes – expectations which are, for the most part, necessary and desirable. But adequately assessing ‘community-driven’ approaches to development requires the deployment of theory and methods that accommodate their distinctive characteristics: building bridges is a qualitatively different task to building the rule of law and empowering minorities. Moreover, the ‘lessons’ inferred from average treatment effects derived from even the most rigorous assessments of community-driven interventions are likely to translate poorly to different contexts and scales of operation. Some guidance for anticipating and managing these conundrums are provided.en-USResearch Paper or Report2020-11-24