Person: Clark, William
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Clark
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Clark, William
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Publication The CO2 Question(American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1984-03-09) Clark, William; Marland, GPublication The press and global environmental change: an international comparison of elite newspaper reporting on the acid rain issue from 1972 to 1992(Harvard Kennedy School, 1995-12) Clark, William; Dickson, NancyIn an increasingly democratic world, the press would seem destined for ever more pivotal roles in the policy process. Yet in a world that is also increasingly interdependent, with each nation's affairs increasingly affecting and affected by others, it is far from clear just what those roles might be. Does the press, by .reporting "the way it is" in places far from home exert an international homogenizing influence? Or does its habit of searching for a local "angle" on even the most global issues push policy debates towards an emphasis on special interests rather than common cause? How does press coverage of an issue in one country affect, and how is it affected by, press coverage in others? Do the roles played by the press in the policy process vary significantly across countries? Or is such variation swamped by country variation associated with different media, audiences, and editorial policies within countries? For those officials and experts used as news sources by the press, to what extent do the assumptions regarding the press developed through experience in their home countries provide reliable guidance for dealing with the press in other countries? These and related questions arise with respect to press coverage of most policy issues. Our focus here is on the roles of the press in development of environmental issues. In particular, we are interested in how the press has dealt with the emergence of multinational, transboundary, or more generally "global" environmental issues over the last several decades. What has been the role of the press, nationally and internationally, in setting such issues on the policy agenda? What is and what should be the role of the press in shaping social responses to global environmental problems? What criteria should be used to evaluate the contribution of the press to the development of sound public policy on global environmental risks? How can the communication of science-laden ideas through the press be improved? The study reported here is a preliminary effort to explore such questions.2 It is conducted from the practical perspective of environmental scholars and policy analysts anxious to understand the roles of the press in the sorts of issues we deal with, to identify what seems to be working well and what badly in interactions among the press and the major newsworthy "players" in such issues, and to suggest some modest and pragmatic efforts that might be undertaken to facilitate improvements in those interactions. We are well aware that most of us involved in this effort are not professional scholars of press and politics. In our defense, we can only say that if such professional scholars had addressed the sorts of long-term, cross-national questions that we believe are central to understanding the role of the press in contemporary environmental affairs, we would have happily contented ourselves with reading their research and using it to inform our own. Our hope is simply that this preliminary investigation will raise questions and suggest patterns that others, more adequately equipped to the task, will find worth pursuing.Publication Environmental Stupidity(Crimson Publishers, 1995) Clark, WilliamPublication Methodological Problems in the Modeling and Analysis of Ecological Systems(International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1975-08) Clark, William; Walters, C.J.I would like to give you an overview of basic ecological modeling and analysis problems by discussing three things. First, I will try to explain the general attitude of systems-oriented ecologists towards their subject matter. This is a different perspective from that of many here, and we will almost certainly fail to understand each other if you imagine us to be, say, economists with an interest in animals. Second, I will review those structural characteristics of ecological systems which have made their analysis particularly difficult. We like to think that it is at least in part these difficulties which have kept us rather behind the rest of you in a number of methods-related areas. Finally, I'll give a brief picture of the kinds of dynamic and stability behavior which we encounter in real and model ecological systems, using as examples cases presently under investigation at IIASA and' available for study at this workshop.Publication Functional Regionalism in Environmental Management(1988) Clark, WilliamPublication Science and Policy for Sustainable Development(2005) Clark, William; Kates, R.W.; McGowan, A.H.; O'Riordan, T.Publication Food, Health, and Population: Policy Analysis and Development Priorities in Low-Income Countries(IIASA, 1979-06) Clark, William; Johnston, B.F.This paper presents a policy analysis of rural development strategies in low-income countries. Governments, development agencies, and scholars are now giving increased attention to structuring and supplementing growth strategies to reduce the most serious deprivations of poverty. The objectives of such strategies are inevitably multiple and conflicting, with any given allocation of development resources incurring a high opportunity cost in terms of activities foregone. Furthermore, the inherent complexities of the issues involved have led to great uncertainty and disagreement regarding the choice of development strategies that are likely to be most effective. Too often, this disagreement has prohibited emergence of even the minimal consensus required for effective action. No research, however good, will eliminate the uncertainties of development. No models, however comprehensive, will reveal "optimal" strategies for development in the real world. We argue that a systematic analysis of the major components and interactions of a rural development strategy can nonetheless facilitate the ongoing process of development policy design, implementation, and improvement. The major focus of our analysis is policy-feasibility, not optimality. We seek to define the constraints that determine the rural development objectives that are in fact obtainable with existing resources and organizational skills. We particularly emphasize the dominant constraints imposed by the structural and demographic characteristics of the low-income countries, showing that the concentration of population and poverty in rural areas will continue to be a distinguishing feature of these countries into the next century. Equally important are the interactions of malnutrition, infection, and unregulated fertility which continue to inflict high mortality and morbidity rates on infants and small children, despite the overall improvements in mortality rates and longevity of recent decades. We also analyze the relationships among various socioeconomic factors, fertility rates, and population growth, and explore their implications for the design of feasible development policies. The lack of consensus required for effective action is especially evident in the case of nutrition-related aspects of development programs. We therefore devote special attention to the interrelationships among food intake, nutrition, and health. In our view, the essential problem is to strike a suitable balance between production-oriented and consumption-oriented (i.e., redistribution and service) activities in development strategies. Toward this end, we analyze the complementary as well as the competitive relationships between such activities. Based on this analysis, we propose a two-pronged approach emphasizing a broad-based strategy for agricultural development, and an integrated approach to nutrition, health, and family planning services which focuses on inexpensive preventive and promotive activities. We stress the need to focus the debate on these issues through a typology that recognizes the constraints and characteristics of the low-income countries. Finally, we argue that any development strategy is necessarily an experiment. It is essential that we learn how to learn from such experiences and from this how to contribute more effectively to a continuing process of adaptive policy design, implementation, and re-design.Publication The Great Transformation: Three centuries of global environmental change induced by human activities(Cambridge University Press, 1990) Turner, B.L., II; Clark, William; Kates, R.W.Publication The Earth Day Series: Earth Day 1995, A Celebration an Assessment a Forecast(Informa UK Limited, 1995-04) O'Riordan, Timothy; Kates, Robert W.; McGowan, Alan; Clark, WilliamPublication Slouching toward a National Energy Strategy(Informa UK Limited, 1991-03) Clark, William