Person: Liu, Jia
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Publication Stretchable Electrets: Nanoparticle–Elastomer Composites(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2020-05-15) Zhang, Shuwen; Wang, Yecheng; Yao, Xi; Le Floch, Paul; Yang, Xuxu; Liu, Jia; Suo, ZhigangPublication Macroporous Nanowire Nanoelectronic Scaffolds for Synthetic Tissues(Nature Publishing Group, 2012) Tian, Bozhi; Liu, Jia; Dvir, Tal; Jin, Lihua; Tsui, Jonathan H.; Qing, Quan; Suo, Zhigang; Langer, Robert; Kohane, Daniel; Lieber, CharlesThe development of three-dimensional (3D) synthetic biomaterials as structural and bioactive scaffolds is central to fields ranging from cellular biophysics to regenerative medicine. As of yet, these scaffolds cannot electrically probe the physicochemical and biological microenvironments throughout their 3D and macroporous interior, although this capability could have a marked impact in both electronics and biomaterials. Here, we address this challenge using macroporous, flexible and free-standing nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds (nanoES), and their hybrids with synthetic or natural biomaterials. 3D macroporous nanoES mimic the structure of natural tissue scaffolds, and they were formed by self-organization of coplanar reticular networks with built-in strain and by manipulation of 2D mesh matrices. NanoES exhibited robust electronic properties and have been used alone or combined with other biomaterials as biocompatible extracellular scaffolds for 3D culture of neurons, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we show the integrated sensory capability of the nanoES by real-time monitoring of the local electrical activity within 3D nanoES/cardiomyocyte constructs, the response of 3D-nanoES-based neural and cardiac tissue models to drugs, and distinct pH changes inside and outside tubular vascular smooth muscle constructs.Publication Biomimetics through nanoelectronics: development of three-dimensional macroporous nanoelectronics for building smart materials, cyborg tissues and injectable biomedical electronics.(2014-06-06) Liu, Jia; Lieber, Charles M.; Zhuang, Xiaowei; Nocera, DanielNanoscale materials enable unique opportunities at the interface between physical and life sciences. The interface between nanoelectronic devices and biological systems makes possible communication between these two diverse systems at the length scale relevant to biological functions. The development of a bottom-up paradigm allows the nanoelectronic units to be synthesized and patterned on unconventional substrates. In this thesis, I will focus on the development of three-dimensional (3D) nanoelectronics, which mimics the structure of porous biomaterials to explore new methods for seamless integration of electronics with other materials, with a special focus on biological tissue.Publication Long Term Stability of Nanowire Nanoelectronics in Physiological Environments(American Chemical Society, 2014) Zhou, Wei; Dai, Xiaochuan; Fu, Tian-Ming; Xie, Chong; Liu, Jia; Lieber, CharlesNanowire nanoelectronic devices have been exploited as highly sensitive subcellular resolution detectors for recording extracellular and intracellular signals from cells, as well as from natural and engineered/cyborg tissues, and in this capacity open many opportunities for fundamental biological research and biomedical applications. Here we demonstrate the capability to take full advantage of the attractive capabilities of nanowire nanoelectronic devices for long term physiological studies by passivating the nanowire elements with ultrathin metal oxide shells. Studies of Si and Si/aluminum oxide (Al2O3) core/shell nanowires in physiological solutions at 37 °C demonstrate long-term stability extending for at least 100 days in samples coated with 10 nm thick Al2O3 shells. In addition, investigations of nanowires configured as field-effect transistors (FETs) demonstrate that the Si/Al2O3 core/shell nanowire FETs exhibit good device performance for at least 4 months in physiological model solutions at 37 °C. The generality of this approach was also tested with in studies of Ge/Si and InAs nanowires, where Ge/Si/Al2O3 and InAs/Al2O3 core/shell materials exhibited stability for at least 100 days in physiological model solutions at 37 °C. In addition, investigations of hafnium oxide-Al2O3 nanolaminated shells indicate the potential to extend nanowire stability well beyond 1 year time scale in vivo. These studies demonstrate that straightforward core/shell nanowire nanoelectronic devices can exhibit the long term stability needed for a range of chronic in vivo studies in animals as well as powerful biomedical implants that could improve monitoring and treatment of disease.Publication Spontaneous and Deterministic Three-Dimensional Curling of Pre-Strained Elastomeric Bi-Strips(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012) Huang, Jiangshui; Liu, Jia; Kroll, Benedikt; Bertoldi, Katia; Clarke, DavidThree dimensional curls (“hemi-helices”) consisting of multiple, periodic and alternating helical sections of opposite chiralities, separated by perversions, are one of a variety of complex shapes that can be produced by a simple generic process consisting of pre-straining one elastomeric strip, joining it side-by-side to another and then releasing the bi-strip. The initial wavelength of the hemi-helix and the number of perversions are determined by the strip cross-section, the constitutive behavior of the elastomer and the value of the pre-strain. The hemi-helix has no net twist. Topologically, the perversions separate regions of the hemi-helix deforming principally by bending from those where twisting dominates.Publication Nanoelectronics-Biology Frontier: From Nanoscopic Probes for Action Potential Recording in Live Cells to Three-Dimensional Cyborg Tissues(Elsevier, 2013) Duan, Xiaojie; Fu, Tian-Ming; Liu, Jia; Lieber, CharlesSemiconductor nanowires configured as the active channels of field-effect transistors (FETs) have been used as detectors for high-resolution electrical recording from single live cells, cell networks, tissues and organs. Extracellular measurements with substrate supported silicon nanowire (SiNW) FETs, which have projected active areas orders of magnitude smaller than conventional microfabricated multielectrode arrays (MEAs) and planar FETs, recorded action potential and field potential signals with high signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution from cultured neurons, cultured cardiomyocytes, acute brain slices and whole animal hearts. Measurements made with modulation-doped nanoscale active channel SiNW FETs demonstrate that signals recorded from cardiomyocytes are highly localized and have improved time resolution compared to larger planar detectors. In addition, several novel three-dimensional (3D) transistor probes, which were realized using advanced nanowire synthesis methods, have been implemented for intracellular recording. These novel probes include (i) flexible 3D kinked nanowire FETs, (ii) branched intracellular nanotube SiNW FETs, and (iii) active silicon nanotube FETs. Following phospholipid modification of the probes to mimic the cell membrane, the kinked nanowire, branched intracellular nanotube and active silicon nanotube FET probes recorded full-amplitude intracellular action potentials from spontaneously firing cardiomyocytes. Moreover, these probes demonstrated the capability of reversible, stable, and long-term intracellular recording, thus indicating the minimal invasiveness of the new nanoscale structures and suggesting biomimetic internalization via the phospholipid modification. Simultaneous, multi-site intracellular recording from both single cells and cell networks were also readily achieved by interfacing independently addressable nanoprobe devices with cells. Finally, electronic and biological systems have been seamlessly merged in 3D for the first time using macroporous nanoelectronic scaffolds that are analogous to synthetic tissue scaffold and the extracellular matrix in tissue. Free-standing 3D nanoelectronic scaffolds were cultured with neurons, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells to yield electronically-innervated synthetic or ‘cyborg’ tissues. Measurements demonstrate that innervated tissues exhibit similar cell viability as with conventional tissue scaffolds, and importantly, demonstrate that the real-time response to drugs and pH changes can be mapped in 3D through the tissues. These results open up a new field of research, wherein nanoelectronics are merged with biological systems in 3D thereby providing broad opportunities, ranging from a nanoelectronic/tissue platform for real-time pharmacological screening in 3D to implantable ‘cyborg’ tissues enabling closed-loop monitoring and treatment of diseases. Furthermore, the capability of high density scale-up of the above extra- and intracellular nanoscopic probes for action potential recording provide important tools for large-scale high spatio-temporal resolution electrical neural activity mapping in both 2D and 3D, which promises to have a profound impact on many research areas, including the mapping of activity within the brain.Publication Fundamental Limits to the Electrochemical Impedance Stability of Dielectric Elastomers in Bioelectronics(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2019-11-28) Le Floch, Paul; Molinari, Nicola; Nan, Kewang; Zhang, Shuwen; Kozinsky, Boris; Suo, Zhigang; Liu, JiaIncorporation of elastomers into bioelectronics that reduces the mechanical mismatch between electronics and biological systems could potentially improve the long-term electronics–tissue interface. However, the chronic stability of elastomers in physiological conditions has not been systematically studied. Here, using electrochemical impedance spectrum we find that the electrochemical impedance of dielectric elastomers degrades over time in physiological environments. Both experimental and computational results reveal that this phenomenon is due to the diffusion of ions from the physiological solution into elastomers over time. Their conductivity increases by 6 orders of magnitude up to 10–8 S/m. When the passivated conductors are also composed of intrinsically stretchable materials, higher leakage currents can be detected. Scaling analyses suggest fundamental limitations to the electrical performances of interconnects made of stretchable materials.Publication Fully Stretchable Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell Array(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2020-07-03) Liu, Jia; Wang, Jiechen; Zhang, Zhitao; Molina-Lopez, Francisco; Wang, Ging-Ji Nathan; Schroeder, Bob C.; Yan, Xuzhou; Zeng, Yitian; Zhao, Oliver; Tran, Helen; Lei, Ting; Lu, Yang; Wang, Yi-Xuan; Tok, Jeffrey B.-H.; Dauskardt, Reinhold; Chung, Jong Won; Yun, Youngjun; Bao, Zhenan; TokIntrinsically and fully stretchable active-matrix-driven displays are an important element to skin electronics that can be applied to many emerging fields, such as wearable electronics, consumer electronics and biomedical devices. Here, we show for the first time a fully stretchable active-matrix-driven organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array. Briefly, it is comprised of a stretchable light-emitting electrochemical cell array driven by a solution-processed, vertically integrated stretchable organic thin-film transistor active-matrix, which is enabled by the development of chemically-orthogonal and intrinsically stretchable dielectric materials. Our resulting active-matrix-driven organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array can be readily bent, twisted and stretched without affecting its device performance. When mounted on skin, the array can tolerate to repeated cycles at 30% strain. This work demonstrates the feasibility of skin-applicable displays and lays the foundation for further materials development.Publication A Highly Stretchable, Transparent, and Conductive Polymer(American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2017-03) Wang, Yue; Zhu, Chenxin; Pfattner, Raphael; Yan, Hongping; Jin, Lihua; Chen, Shucheng; Molina-Lopez, Francisco; Lissel, Franziska; Liu, Jia; Rabiah, Noelle I.; Chen, Zheng; Chung, Jong Won; Linder, Christian; Toney, Michael F.; Murmann, Boris; Bao, Zhenan; Toney, MichaelPublication Cyborg Organoids: Implantation of Nanoelectronics via Organogenesis for Tissue-Wide Electrophysiology(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2019-07-26) Li, Qiang; Nan, Kewang; Le Floch, Paul; Lin, Zuwan; Sheng, Hao; Blum, Thomas S.; Liu, Jia; Blum, ThomasTissue-wide electrophysiology with single-cell and millisecond spatiotemporal resolution is critical for heart and brain studies. Issues arise, however, from the invasive, localized implantation of electronics that destroys well-connected cellular networks within matured organs. Here, we report the creation of cyborg organoids: the three-dimensional (3D) assembly of soft, stretchable mesh nanoelectronics across the entire organoid by the cell–cell attraction forces from 2D-to-3D tissue reconfiguration during organogenesis. We demonstrate that stretchable mesh nanoelectronics can migrate with and grow into the initial 2D cell layers to form the 3D organoid structure with minimal impact on tissue growth and differentiation. The intimate contact between the dispersed nanoelectronics and cells enables us to chronically and systematically observe the evolution, propagation, and synchronization of the bursting dynamics in human cardiac organoids through their entire organogenesis.