We investigate some arithmetic orbit problems in representations of linear algebraic groups arising from Vinberg theory. We aim to give a description of the orbits in these representations using methods with an emphasis on representation theory rather than algebraic geometry, in contrast to previous works of other authors. It turns out that for the representations we consider, the orbits are related to the arithmetic of the Jacobians of certain algebraic curves, which appear as the smooth nearby fibers of deformations of simple singularities. We calculate these families of algebraic curves, and show that the 2-torsion in their Jacobians is canonically identified with the stabilizers of certain orbits in the corresponding representations.
