Person: Engle, Elizabeth
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Engle
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Elizabeth
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Engle, Elizabeth
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Publication Biallelic Mutations In Human DCC Cause Developmental Split Brain Syndrome(2017) Jamuar, Saumya; Schmitz-Abe, Klaus; D’Gama, Alissa M.; Drottar, Marie; Chan, Wai-Man; Peeva, Maya; Servattalab, Sarah; Lam, Anh-Thu N.; Delgado, Mauricio R.; Clegg, Nancy J.; Al Zayed, Zayed; Dogar, Mohammad Asif; Alorainy, Ibrahim A.; Jamea, Abdullah Abu; Abu-Amero, Khaled; Griebel, May; Ward, Wendy; Lein, Ed S.; Markianos, Kyriacos; Barkovich, A. James; Robson, Caroline; Grant, P.; Bosley, Thomas M.; Engle, Elizabeth; Walsh, Christopher; Yu, Timothy W.Motor, sensory, and integrative activities of the brain are coordinated by a series of midline-bridging neuronal commissures whose development is tightly regulated. Here we report a novel human syndrome in which these commissures are widely disrupted, causing clinical manifestations of horizontal gaze palsy, scoliosis, and intellectual disability. Affected individuals were found to possess biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the axon guidance receptor Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC), a gene previously implicated in congenital mirror movements when mutated in the heterozygous state, but whose biallelic loss-of-function human phenotype has not been reported. Structural MRI and diffusion tractography demonstrated broad disorganization of white matter tracts throughout the human CNS including loss of all commissural tracts at multiple levels of the neuraxis. Combined with data from animal models, these findings show that DCC is a master regulator of midline crossing and development of white matter projections throughout the human CNS.Publication Two uniqueTUBB3mutations cause both CFEOM3 and malformations of cortical development(Wiley, 2015) Whitman, Mary; Andrews, Caroline; Chan, Wai-Man; Tischfield, Max A.; Stasheff, Steven F.; Brancati, Francesco; Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma; Nuovo, Sara; Garaci, Francesco; MacKinnon, Sarah E.; Hunter, David; Grant, P.; Engle, ElizabethOne set of missense mutations in the neuron specific beta tubulin isotype 3 (TUBB3) has been reported to cause malformations of cortical development (MCD), while a second set has been reported to cause isolated or syndromic Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles type 3 (CFEOM3). Because TUBB3 mutations reported to cause CFEOM had not been associated with cortical malformations, while mutations reported to cause MCD had not been associated with CFEOM or other forms of paralytic strabismus, it was hypothesized that each set of mutations might alter microtubule function differently. Here, however, we report two novel de novo heterozygous TUBB3 amino acid substitutions, G71R and G98S, in four patients with both MCD and syndromic CFEOM3. These patients present with moderately severe CFEOM3, nystagmus, torticollis, and developmental delay, and have intellectual and social disabilities. Neuroimaging reveals defective cortical gyration, as well as hypoplasia or agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, malformations of hippocampi, thalami, basal ganglia and cerebella, and brainstem and cranial nerve hypoplasia. These new TUBB3 substitutions meld the two previously distinct TUBB3-associated phenotypes, and implicate similar microtubule dysfunction underlying both.Publication Ocular Motor Nerve Development in the Presence and Absence of Extraocular Muscle(The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, 2017) Michalak, Suzanne; Whitman, Mary; Park, Jong G.; Tischfield, Max A.; Nguyen, Elaine H.; Engle, ElizabethPurpose To spatially and temporally define ocular motor nerve development in the presence and absence of extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods: Myf5cre mice, which in the homozygous state lack EOMs, were crossed to an IslMN:GFP reporter line to fluorescently label motor neuron cell bodies and axons. Embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E15.5 wild-type and Myf5cre/cre:IslMN:GFP whole mount embryos and dissected orbits were imaged by confocal microscopy to visualize the developing oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves in the presence and absence of EOMs. E11.5 and E18.5 brainstems were serially sectioned and stained for Islet1 to determine the fate of ocular motor neurons. Results: At E11.5, all three ocular motor nerves in mutant embryos approached the orbit with a trajectory similar to that of wild-type. Subsequently, while wild-type nerves send terminal branches that contact target EOMs in a stereotypical pattern, the Myf5cre/cre ocular motor nerves failed to form terminal branches, regressed, and by E18.5 two-thirds of their corresponding motor neurons died. Comparisons between mutant and wild-type embryos revealed novel aspects of trochlear and oculomotor nerve development. Conclusions: We delineated mouse ocular motor nerve spatial and temporal development in unprecedented detail. Moreover, we found that EOMs are not necessary for initial outgrowth and guidance of ocular motor axons from the brainstem to the orbit but are required for their terminal branching and survival. These data suggest that intermediate targets in the mesenchyme provide cues necessary for appropriate targeting of ocular motor axons to the orbit, while EOM cues are responsible for terminal branching and motor neuron survival.Publication Complex cytogenetic rearrangements at the DURS1 locus in syndromic Duane retraction syndrome(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2013) Baris, Hagit N; Chan, Wai-Man; Andrews, Caroline; Behar, Doron M; Donovan, Diana J; Morton, Cynthia; Ranells, Judith; Pal, Tuya; Ligon, Azra; Engle, ElizabethKey Clinical Message A patient with syndromic Duane retraction syndrome harbors a chromosome 811.1q13.2 inversion and 8p11.1-q12.3 marker chromosome containing subregions with differing mosaicism and allele frequencies. This case highlights the potential requirement for multiple genetic methods to gain insight into genotype–phenotype correlation, and ultimately into molecular mechanisms that underlie human disease.Publication Crystalline Cataract Caused by a Heterozygous Missense Mutation in γD-Crystallin (CRYGD)(Molecular Vision, 2011) Nihalani, Bharti R.; Vanderveen, Deborah; Andrews, Caroline; Engle, ElizabethPurpose: To describe phenotypic characteristics of two pedigrees manifesting early onset crystalline cataract with mutations in the γD-crystallin gene (CRYGD). Methods: A detailed medical history was obtained from two Caucasian pedigrees manifesting autosomal dominant congenital cataracts. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva (DNA Genotek). Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) based genome analysis of the larger pedigree revealed linkage to an 8.2 MB region on chromosome 2q33-q35 which encompassed the crystallin-gamma gene cluster (CRYG). Exons and flanking introns of CRYGA, CRYGB, CRYGC and CRYGD were amplified and sequenced to identify disease-causing mutations. Results: A morphologically unique cataract with extensive refractile “crystals” scattered throughout the nucleus and perinuclear cortex was found in the probands from both pedigrees. A heterozygous C→A mutation was identified at position 109 of the coding sequence (R36S of the processed protein) in exon 2 of CRYGD and this missense mutation was found to cosegregate with the disease in the larger family; this mutation was then identified in affected individuals of pedigree 2 as well. Conclusions: The heterozygous 109C→A CRYGD missense mutation is associated with a distinct crystalline cataract in two US Caucasian pedigrees. This confirms crystalline cataract formation with this mutation, as previously reported in sporadic childhood case from the Czech Republic and in members of a Chinese family.Publication CFEOM1, the Classic Familial Form of Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles, is Genetically Heterogeneous but Does Not Result from Mutations in ARIX(BioMed Central, 2002) McIntosh, Nathalie; Yamada, Koki; Lee, Bjorn A; Johnson, Roger; O'Keefe, Michael; Letson, Robert; London, Arnold; Ballard, Evan; Ruttum, Mark; Matsumoto, Naomichi; Saito, Nakamichi; Monte, Monte Del; Magli, Adriano; de Berardinis, Teresa; Engle, Elizabeth; Collins, Mary Louise Z; Morris, LisaBackground: To learn about the molecular etiology of strabismus, we are studying the genetic basis of 'congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles' (CFEOM). These syndromes are characterized by congenital restrictive ophthalmoplegia affecting muscles in the oculomotor and trochlear nerve distribution. Individuals with the classic form of CFEOM are born with bilateral ptosis and infraducted globes. When all affected members of a family have classic CFEOM, we classify the family as a CFEOM1 pedigree. We have previously determined that a CFEOM1 gene maps to the FEOM1 locus on chromosome 12cen. We now identify additional pedigrees with CFEOM1 to determine if the disorder is genetically heterogeneous and, if so, if any affected members of CFEOM1 pedigrees or sporadic cases of classic CFEOM harbor mutations in ARIX, the CFEOM2 disease gene. Results: Eleven new CFEOM1 pedigrees were identified. All demonstrated autosomal dominant inheritance, and nine were consistent with linkage to FEOM1. Two small CFEOM1 families were not linked to FEOM1, and both were consistent with linkage to FEOM3. We screened two CFEOM1 families consistent with linkage to FEOM2 and 5 sporadic individuals with classic CFEOM and did not detect ARIX mutations. Conclusions: The phenotype of two small CFEOM1 families does not map to FEOM1, establishing genetic heterogeneity for this disorder. These two families may harbor mutations in the FEOM3 gene, as their phenotype is consistent with linkage to this locus. Thus far, we have not identified ARIX mutations in any affected members of CFEOM1 pedigrees or in any sporadic cases of classic CFEOM.Publication KIF21A Mutations in Two Chinese Families with Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM)(Molecular Vision, 2010) Yang, Xian; Yamada, Koki; Katz, Bradley; Guan, Hongzai; Wang, Lifei; Zhao, Guiqiu; Chen, Haoyu; Tong, Zongzhong; Kong, Jie; Hu, Cong; Kong, Qinglan; Fan, Guiyun; Ning, Meizhen; Zhang, Shaoyan; Xu, Jinling; Zhang, Kang; Andrews, Caroline; Engle, Elizabeth; Wang, ZePurpose: Two Chinese families (XT and YT) with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) were identified. The purpose of this study was to determine if previously described Homo sapiens kinesin family member 21A (KIF21A) mutations were responsible for CFEOM in these two Chinese pedigrees. Methods: Clinical characterization and genetic studies were performed. Microsatellite genotyping for linkage to the CFEOM1 and CFEOM3 loci was performed. The probands were screened for KIF21A mutations by bidirectional direct sequencing. Once a mutation was detected in the proband, all other participating family members and 100 unrelated control normal individuals were screened for the mutation. Results: All affected individuals in family XT shared the common manifestations of CFEOM1. Family YT had two affected individuals, a mother and a daughter. The daughter had CFEOM1, while her mother never had congential ptosis but did have limited extraocular movements status post strabismus surgery. Haplotype analysis revealed that pedigree XT was linked to the 12q CFEOM1 locus and the affected memberes harbored the second most common missense mutation in KIF21A (2,861G>A, R954Q). Family YT harbored the most common missense de novo mutation in KIF21A (2,860C>T, R954W). Both of these mutations have been previously described. Conclusions: The observation of these two KIF21A mutations in a Chinese pedigree underscores the homogeneity of these mutations as a cause of CFEOM1 and CFEOM3 across ethnic divisions.Publication Analysis of Human Sarcospan as a Candidate Gene for CFEOM1(BioMed Central, 2001) O'Brien, Kristine F; Engle, Elizabeth; Kunkel, LouisBackground: Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1) is an autosomal dominant eye movement disorder linked to the pericentromere of chromosome 12 (12p11.2 - q12). Sarcospan is a member of the dystrophin associated protein complex in skeletal and extraocular muscle and maps to human chromosome 12p11.2. Mutations in the genes encoding each of the other components of the skeletal muscle sarcospan-sarcoglycan complex (α - δ sarcoglycan) have been shown to cause limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2C-F). To determine whether mutations in the sarcospan gene are responsible for CFEOM1 we: (1) attempted to map sarcospan to the CFEOM1 critical region; (2) developed a genomic primer set to directly sequence the sarcospan gene in CFEOM1 patients; and (3) generated an anti-sarcospan antibody to examine extraocular muscle biopsies from CFEOM1 patients. Results: When tested by polymerase chain reaction, sarcospan sequence was not detected on yeast or bacterial artificial chromosomes from the CFEOM1 critical region. Sequencing of the sarcospan gene in CFEOM1 patients from 6 families revealed no mutations. Immunohistochemical studies of CFEOM1 extraocular muscles showed normal levels of sarcospan at the membrane. Finally, sarcospan was electronically mapped to bacterial artificial chromosomes that are considered to be outside of the CFEOM1 critical region. Conclusions: In this report we evaluate sarcospan as a candidate gene for CFEOM1. We have found that it is highly unlikely that sarcospan is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. As of yet no sarcospan gene mutations have been found to cause muscular abnormalities.Publication Three Novel Mutations in KIF21A Highlight the Importance of the Third Coiled-Coil Stalk Domain in the Etiology of CFEOM1(BioMed Central, 2007) Dragan, Laryssa; Fredrick, Douglas; Armstrong, Linlea; Lyons, Christopher; Geraghty, Michael T; Yazdani, Ahmad; Traboulsi, Elias I; Pott, Jan WR; Gutowski, Nicholas J; Ellard, Sian; Young, Elizabeth; Hanisch, Frank; Koc, Feray; Schnall, Bruce; Chan, Wai-Man; Andrews, Caroline; Hunter, David; Engle, ElizabethBackground: Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles types 1 and 3 (CFEOM1/CFEOM3) are autosomal dominant strabismus disorders that appear to result from maldevelopment of ocular nuclei and nerves. We previously reported that most individuals with CFEOM1 and rare individuals with CFEOM3 harbor heterozygous mutations in KIF21A. KIF21A encodes a kinesin motor involved in anterograde axonal transport, and the familial and de novo mutations reported to date predictably alter one of only a few KIF21A amino acids – three within the third coiled-coil region of the stalk and one in the distal motor domain, suggesting they result in altered KIF21A function. To further define the spectrum of KIF21A mutations in CFEOM we have now identified all CFEOM probands newly enrolled in our study and determined if they harbor mutations in KIF21A. Results: Sixteen CFEOM1 and 29 CFEOM3 probands were studied. Three previously unreported de novo KIF21A mutations were identified in three CFEOM1 probands, all located in the same coiled-coil region of the stalk that contains all but one of the previously reported mutations. Eight additional CFEOM1 probands harbored three of the mutations previously reported in KIF21A; seven had one of the two most common mutations, while one harbored the mutation in the distal motor domain. No mutation was detected in 5 CFEOM1 or any CFEOM3 probands. Conclusion: Analysis of sixteen CFEOM1 probands revealed three novel KIF21A mutations and confirmed three reported mutations, bringing the total number of reported KIF21A mutations in CFEOM1 to 11 mutations among 70 mutation positive probands. All three new mutations alter amino acids in heptad repeats within the third coiled-coil region of the KIF21A stalk, further highlighting the importance of alterations in this domain in the etiology of CFEOM1.