Person:

Finkbeiner, Douglas

This paper describes the Sixth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. With this data release, the imaging of the northern Galactic cap is now complete. The survey contains images and parameters of roughly 287 million objects over 9583 deg2, including scans over a large range of Galactic latitudes and longitudes. The survey also includes 1.27 million spectra of stars, galaxies, quasars, and blank sky (for sky subtraction) selected over 7425 deg2. This release includes much more stellar spectroscopy than was available in previous data releases and also includes detailed estimates of stellar temperatures, gravities, and metallicities. The results of improved photometric calibration are now available, with uncertainties of roughly 1% in g, r, i, and z, and 2% in u, substantially better than the uncertainties in previous data releases. The spectra in this data release have improved wavelength and flux calibration, especially in the extreme blue and extreme red, leading to the qualitatively better determination of stellar types and radial velocities. The spectrophotometric fluxes are now tied to point-spread function magnitudes of stars rather than fiber magnitudes. This gives more robust results in the presence of seeing variations, but also implies a change in the spectrophotometric scale, which is now brighter by roughly 0.35 mag. Systematic errors in the velocity dispersions of galaxies have been fixed, and the results of two independent codes for determining spectral classifications and redshifts are made available. Additional spectral outputs are made available, including calibrated spectra from individual 15 minute exposures and the sky spectrum subtracted from each exposure. We also quantify a recently recognized underestimation of the brightnesses of galaxies of large angular extent due to poor sky subtraction; the bias can exceed 0.2 mag for galaxies brighter than r = 14 mag.

We measure the two-point correlation function ξ(rp, π) in a sample of 2219 galaxies between z = 0.7 and 1.35 to a magnitude limit of RAB = 24.1 from the first season of the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey. From ξ(rp, π) we recover the real-space correlation function, ξ(r), which we find can be approximated within the errors by a power law, ξ(r) = (r/r0)-γ, on scales ~0.1-10 h-1 Mpc. In a sample with an effective redshift of zeff = 0.82, for a ΛCDM cosmology we find r0 = 3.53 ± 0.81 h-1 Mpc (comoving) and γ = 1.66 ± 0.12, while in a higher redshift sample with zeff = 1.14 we find r0 = 3.12 ± 0.72 h-1 Mpc and γ = 1.66 ± 0.12. These errors are estimated from mock galaxy catalogs and are dominated by the cosmic variance present in the current data sample. We find that red, absorption-dominated, passively evolving galaxies have a larger clustering scale length, r0, than blue, emission-line, actively star-forming galaxies. Intrinsically brighter galaxies also cluster more strongly than fainter galaxies at z sime 1. Our results imply that the DEEP2 galaxies have an effective bias b = 0.96 ± 0.13 if σ8DM = 1 today or b = 1.19 ± 0.16 if σ8DM = 0.8 today. This bias is lower than that predicted by semianalytic simulations at z sime 1, which may be the result of our R-band target selection. We discuss possible evolutionary effects within our survey volume, and we compare our results with galaxy-clustering studies at other redshifts, noting that our star-forming sample at z sime 1 has selection criteria very similar to the Lyman break galaxies at z sime 3 and that our red, absorption-line sample displays a clustering strength comparable to the expected clustering of the Lyman break galaxy descendants at z sime 1. Our results demonstrate that galaxy-clustering properties as a function of color, spectral type, and luminosity seen in the local universe were largely in place by z sime 1.

We present a new puzzle involving Galactic microwave emission and attempt to resolve it. On one hand, a cross-correlation analysis of the Wisconsin Hα Mapper map with the Tenerife 10 and 15 GHz maps shows that the well-known DIRBE correlated microwave emission cannot be dominated by free-free emission. On the other hand, recent high-resolution observations in the 8-10 GHz range with the Green Bank 140 foot telescope by Finkbeiner et al. failed to find the corresponding 8 σ signal that would be expected in the simplest spinning-dust models. So what physical mechanism is causing this ubiquitous dust-correlated emission? We argue for a model predicting that spinning dust is the culprit after all, but that the corresponding small grains are well correlated with the larger grains seen at 100 μm only on large angular scales. In support of this grain-segregation model, we find that the best spinning-dust template involves higher frequency maps in the range 12-60 μm, in which emission from transiently heated small grains is important. Upcoming cosmic microwave background experiments such as ground-based interferometers, the Microwave Anisotropy Probe, and the Planck low-frequency interferometer with high resolution at low frequencies should allow a definitive test of this model.

We study the spectral and morphological characteristics of the diffuse Galactic emission in the WMAP temperature data using a template-based multilinear regression, and obtain the following results. (1) We confirm previous observations of a bump in the dust-correlated spectrum, consistent with the Draine & Lazarian spinning dust model. (2) We also confirm the "haze" signal in the inner Galaxy, and argue that it does not follow a free-free spectrum as first thought, but instead is synchrotron emission from a hard electron cosmic-ray population. (3) In a departure from previous work, we allow the spectrum of Hα-correlated emission (which is used to trace the free-free component) to float in the fit, and find that it does not follow the expected free-free spectrum. Instead there is a bump near 50 GHz, modifying the spectrum at the 20% level, which we speculate is caused by spinning dust in the warm ionized medium. (4) The derived cross-correlation spectra are not sensitive to the map zero points, but are sensitive to the choice of CMB estimator. In cases where the CMB estimator is derived by minimizing variance of a linear combination of the WMAP bands, we show that a bias proportional to the cross-correlation of each template and the true CMB is always present. This bias can be larger than any of the foreground signals in some bands. (5) Lastly, we consider the frequency coverage and sensitivity of the Planck mission, and suggest linear combination coefficients for the CMB template that will reduce both the statistical and systematic uncertainty in the synchrotron and haze spectra by more than an order of magnitude.

CMB experiments commonly use maps of Hα intensity as a spatial template for Galactic free-free emission, assuming a power law Iν ∝ ν−0.15 for the spectrum. Any departure from the assumed free-free spectrum could have a detrimental effect on determination of the primary CMB anisotropy. We show that the Hα-correlated emission spectrum in the diffuse WIM is not the expected free-free spectrum at WMAP frequencies. Instead, there is a broad bump in the spectrum at ~50 GHz which is consistent with emission from spinning dust grains. Spectra from both the full sky and smaller regions of interest are well fit by a superposition of a free-free and "warm ionized medium" Draine & Lazarian spinning dust model, shifted in frequency. The spinning dust emission is ~5 times weaker than the free-free component at 50 GHz, with the null hypothesis that the Hα-correlated spectrum is pure free-free ruled out at ≥8 σ in all regions and >100 σ for the full-sky fit.

We characterize spinning dust emission in the warm ionized medium (WIM) by comparing templates of Galactic dust and Hα with the five-year maps from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The Hα-correlated microwave emission deviates from the thermal bremsstrahlung (free-free) spectrum expected for ionized gas, exhibiting an additional broad bump peaked at ~40 GHz which provides ~20% of the peak intensity. We confirm that the bump is consistent with a modified Draine and Lazarian spinning dust model, though the peak frequency of the emission is somewhat lower than the 50 GHz previously claimed. This frequency shift results from systematic errors in the large-scale modes of the three-year WMAP data which have been corrected in the five-year data release. We show that the bump is not the result of errors in the Hα template by analyzing regions of high free-free intensity, where the WMAP K-band map may be used as the free-free template. We rule out a pure free-free spectrum for the Hα-correlated emission at high confidence: ~27σ for the nearly full-sky fit, even after marginalizing over the cosmic microwave background cross-correlation bias. We also extend the previous analysis by searching the parameter space of the Draine and Lazarian model but letting the amplitude float. The best fit for reasonable values of the characteristic electric dipole moment and density requires an amplitude factor of ~0.3. This suggests that small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the WIM are depleted by a factor of ~3.

We combine Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra of 22,000 luminous, red, bulge-dominated galaxies to get high signal-to-noise ratio average spectra in the rest-frame optical and ultraviolet (2600-7000 Å). The average spectra of these massive, quiescent galaxies are early type with weak emission lines and with absorption lines indicating an apparent excess of α-elements over solar abundance ratios. We make average spectra of subsamples selected by luminosity, environment, and redshift. The average spectra are remarkable in their similarity. What variations do exist in the average spectra as a function of luminosity and environment are found to form a nearly one-parameter family in spectrum space. We present a high signal-to-noise ratio spectrum of the variation. We measure the properties of the variation with a modified version of the Lick index system and compare to model spectra from stellar population syntheses. The variation may be a combination of age and chemical abundance differences, but the conservative conclusion is that the quality of the data considerably exceeds the current state of the models.

The DEEP2 and COMBO-17 surveys are compared to study luminosity functions of red and blue galaxies to z ~ 1. The two surveys have different methods and sensitivities, but nevertheless results agree. After z ~ 1, Mimg1.gif has dimmed by 1.2-1.3 mag for all colors of galaxies, phgr* for blue galaxies has hardly changed, and phgr* for red galaxies has at least doubled (our formal value is ~0.5 dex). Luminosity density jB has fallen by 0.6 dex for blue galaxies but has remained nearly constant for red galaxies. These results imply that the number and total stellar mass of blue galaxies have been substantially constant since z ~ 1, whereas those of red galaxies (near L*) have been significantly rising. To explain the new red galaxies, a mixed'' scenario is proposed in which star formation in blue cloud galaxies is quenched, causing them to migrate to the red sequence, where they merge further in a small number of stellar mergers. This mixed scenario matches the local boxy-disky transition for nearby ellipticals, as well as red sequence stellar population scaling laws such as the color-magnitude and Mg-σ relations (which are explained as fossil relics from blue progenitors). Blue galaxies enter the red sequence via different quenching modes, each of which peaks at a different characteristic mass and time. The red sequence therefore likely builds up in different ways at different times and masses, and the concept of a single process that is downsizing'' (or upsizing) probably does not apply. Our claim in this paper of a rise in the number of red galaxies applies to galaxies near L*. Accurate counts of brighter galaxies on the steep part of the Schechter function require more accurate photometry than is currently available.

A full-sky Hα map with 6' (FWHM) resolution is presented. This map is a composite of the Virginia Tech Spectral line Survey (VTSS) in the north and the Southern H-Alpha Sky Survey Atlas (SHASSA) in the south. The Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) survey provides a stable zero point over 3/4 of the sky on a 1° scale. This composite map can be used to provide limits on thermal bremsstrahlung (free-free emission) from ionized gas known to contaminate microwave-background data. The map is available on the World Wide Web for public use.

We investigate the nature of the diffuse Galactic emission in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) temperature anisotropy data. Substantial dust-correlated emission is observed at all WMAP frequencies, far exceeding the expected thermal dust emission in the lowest frequency channels (23, 33, and 41 GHz). The WMAP team interprets this emission as dust-correlated synchrotron radiation, attributing the correlation to the natural association of relativistic electrons produced by supernovae (SNe) with massive star formation in dusty clouds, and deriving an upper limit of 5% on the contribution of Draine & Lazarian spinning dust to the K band (23 GHz). We pursue an alternative interpretation that much, perhaps most, of the dust-correlated emission at these frequencies is indeed spinning dust, and explore the spectral dependence on environment by considering a few specific objects as well as the full-sky average. Models similar to Draine & Lazarian spinning dust provide a good fit to the full-sky data. The full-sky fit also requires a significant component with a flat spectrum uncorrelated with Hα, possibly hot (~106 K) gas within 30° of the Galactic center.