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Ward, Adrian Frank

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Adrian Frank

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Ward, Adrian Frank

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    Paying It Forward: Generalized Reciprocity and the Limits of Generosity
    (2013-04-18) Gray, Kurt; Ward, Adrian Frank; Norton, Michael
    When people are the victims of greed or recipients of generosity, their first impulse is often to pay back that behavior in kind. What happens when people cannot reciprocate, but instead have the chance to be cruel or kind to someone entirely different—to pay it forward? In five experiments, participants received greedy, equal, or generous divisions of money or labor from an anonymous person, and then divided additional resources with a new anonymous person. While equal treatment was paid forward in kind, greed was paid forward more than generosity. This asymmetry was driven by negative affect, such that a positive affect intervention disrupted the tendency to pay greed forward. Implications for models of generalized reciprocity are discussed.
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    One with the Cloud: Why People Mistake the Internet's Knowledge for Their Own
    (2013-09-04) Ward, Adrian Frank; Wegner, Daniel M.; Gilbert, Daniel; Norton, Michael; Schacter, Daniel
    The internet is a consistent presence in people's daily lives. As people upload, download, and offload information to and from this cloud mind, the line between people's own minds and the cloud mind of the internet may become increasingly blurry. Building on the theory of transactive memory, the current research uses 2 pilot studies and 6 experiments to explore the possibility that using the internet to access information may cause people to become one with the cloud--to lose sight of where their own minds end and the mind of the internet begins, and to lose track of which memories are stored internally and which are stored online. These experiments explore three key factors that may lead to blurred boundaries between the self and the cloud: accessing the internet through a familiar access point or transactive memory partner (i.e., Google), having the "feeling of knowing" that often accompanies internet search, and experiencing the "knew it all along" effect when this feeling of knowing is falsely confirmed. These factors are often present when accessing information online, and may lead people to misattribute internet-related outcomes and characteristics to the self.