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Carter, Scott

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Carter, Scott
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    Mutations driving CLL and their evolution in progression and relapse
    (2015) Landau, Dan A.; Tausch, Eugen; Taylor-Weiner, Amaro N; Stewart, Chip; Reiter, Johannes G.; Bahlo, Jasmin; Kluth, Sandra; Bozic, Ivana; Lawrence, Mike; Böttcher, Sebastian; Carter, Scott; Cibulskis, Kristian; Mertens, Daniel; Sougnez, Carrie; Rosenberg, Mara; Hess, Julian M.; Edelmann, Jennifer; Kless, Sabrina; Kneba, Michael; Ritgen, Matthias; Fink, Anna; Fischer, Kirsten; Gabriel, Stacey; Lander, Eric; Nowak, Martin; Döhner, Hartmut; Hallek, Michael; Neuberg, Donna; Getz, Gad; Stilgenbauer, Stephan; Wu, Catherine
    SUMMARY Which genetic alterations drive tumorigenesis and how they evolve over the course of disease and therapy are central questions in cancer biology. We identify 44 recurrently mutated genes and 11 recurrent somatic copy number variations through whole-exome sequencing of 538 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and matched germline DNA samples, 278 of which were collected in a prospective clinical trial. These include previously unrecognized cancer drivers (RPS15, IKZF3) and collectively identify RNA processing and export, MYC activity and MAPK signaling as central pathways involved in CLL. Clonality analysis of this large dataset further enabled reconstruction of temporal relationships between driver events. Direct comparison between matched pre-treatment and relapse samples from 59 patients demonstrated highly frequent clonal evolution. Thus, large sequencing datasets of clinically informative samples enable the discovery of novel cancer genes and the network of relationships between the driver events and their impact on disease relapse and clinical outcome.
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    Paired Exome Analysis of Barrett’s Esophagus and Adenocarcinoma
    (2015) Stachler, Matthew; Taylor-Weiner, Amaro; Peng, Shouyong; McKenna, Aaron; Agoston, Agoston; Odze, Robert; Davison, Jon M.; Nason, Katie S.; Loda, Massimo; Leshchiner, Ignaty; Stewart, Chip; Stojanov, Petar; Seepo, Sara; Lawrence, Michael S.; Ferrer-Torres, Daysha; Lin, Jules; Chang, Andrew C.; Gabriel, Stacey B.; Lander, Eric S.; Beer, David G.; Getz, Gad; Carter, Scott; Bass, Adam J.
    Barrett’s esophagus, is thought to progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) through a step-wise progression with loss of CDKN2A followed by p53 inactivation and aneuploidy. Here, we present whole exome sequencing from 25 pairs of EAC and Barrett’s and five patients whose Barrett’s and tumor were extensively sampled. Our analysis revealed that oncogene amplification typically occurred as a late event and that TP53 mutations often occur early in Barrett’s progression, including in non-dysplastic epithelium. Reanalysis of additional EAC exome data revealed that the majority (62.5%) of EACs emerged following genome doubling and that tumors with genomic doubling had different patterns of genomic alterations with more frequent oncogenic amplifications and less frequent inactivation of tumor suppressors, including CDKN2A. These data suggest that many EACs emerge not through gradual accumulation of tumor suppressor alterations but rather through a more direct path whereby a TP53-mutant cell undergoes genome doubling, followed by acquisition of oncogenic amplifications.
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    Sporadic hemangioblastomas are characterized by cryptic VHL inactivation
    (Springer Nature, 2014) Shankar, Ganesh; Taylor-Weiner, Amaro; Lelic, Nina; Jones, Robert T; Kim, James C; Francis, Joshua M; Abedalthagafi, Malak; Borges, Lawrence; Coumans, Jean-Valery; Curry, William; Nahed, Brian; Shin, John; Paek, Sun Ha; Park, Sung-Hye; Stewart, Chip; Lawrence, Michael S; Cibulskis, Kristian; Thorner, Aaron R; Van Hummelen, Paul; Stemmer-Rachamimov, Anat; Batchelor, Tracy; Carter, Scott; Hoang, Mai; Santagata, Sandro; Louis, David; Barker, Frederick; Meyerson, Matthew; Getz, Gad; Brastianos, Priscilla; Cahill, Daniel
    Hemangioblastomas consist of 10-20% neoplastic “stromal” cells within a vascular tumor cell mass of reactive pericytes, endothelium and lymphocytes. Familial cases of central nervous system hemangioblastoma uniformly result from mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. In contrast, inactivation of VHL has been previously observed in only a minority of sporadic hemangioblastomas, suggesting an alternative genetic etiology. We performed deep-coverage DNA sequencing on 32 sporadic hemangioblastomas (whole exome discovery cohort n = 10, validation n = 22), followed by analysis of clonality, copy number alteration, and somatic mutation. We identified somatic mutation, loss of heterozygosity and/or deletion of VHL in 8 of 10 discovery cohort tumors. VHL inactivating events were ultimately detected in 78% (25/32) of cases. No other gene was significantly mutated. Overall, deep-coverage sequence analysis techniques uncovered VHL alterations within the neoplastic fraction of these tumors at higher frequencies than previously reported. Our findings support the central role of VHL inactivation in the molecular pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic hemangioblastomas.
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    Systematic genomic and translational efficiency studies of uveal melanoma
    (Public Library of Science, 2017) Johnson, Chelsea Place; Kim, Ivana; Esmaeli, Bita; Amin-Mansour, Ali; Treacy, Daniel J.; Carter, Scott; Hodis, Eran; Wagle, Nikhil; Seepo, Sara; Yu, Xiaoxing; Lane, Anne Marie; Gragoudas, Evangelos; Vazquez, Francisca; Nickerson, Elizabeth; Cibulskis, Kristian; McKenna, Aaron; Gabriel, Stacey B.; Getz, Gad; Van Allen, Eliezer; ‘t Hoen, Peter A. C.; Garraway, Levi; Woodman, Scott E.
    To further our understanding of the somatic genetic basis of uveal melanoma, we sequenced the protein-coding regions of 52 primary tumors and 3 liver metastases together with paired normal DNA. Known recurrent mutations were identified in GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, EIF1AX, and SF3B1. The role of mutated EIF1AX was tested using loss of function approaches including viability and translational efficiency assays. Knockdown of both wild type and mutant EIF1AX was lethal to uveal melanoma cells. We probed the function of N-terminal tail EIF1AX mutations by performing RNA sequencing of polysome-associated transcripts in cells expressing endogenous wild type or mutant EIF1AX. Ribosome occupancy of the global translational apparatus was sensitive to suppression of wild type but not mutant EIF1AX. Together, these studies suggest that cells expressing mutant EIF1AX may exhibit aberrant translational regulation, which may provide clonal selective advantage in the subset of uveal melanoma that harbors this mutation.
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    The genomic landscape and evolution of endometrial carcinoma progression and abdominopelvic metastasis
    (2016) Gibson, William; Hoivik, Erling A.; Halle, Mari K.; Taylor-Weiner, Amaro; Cherniack, Andrew D.; Berg, Anna; Holst, Frederik; Zack, Travis Ian; Werner, Henrica M. J.; Staby, Kjersti M.; Rosenberg, Mara; Stefansson, Ingunn M.; Kusonmano, Kanthida; Chevalier, Aaron; Mauland, Karen K.; Trovik, Jone; Krakstad, Camilla; Giannakis, Marios; Hodis, Eran; Woie, Kathrine; Bjorge, Line; Vintermyr, Olav K.; Wala, Jeremiah; Lawrence, Michael; Getz, Gad; Carter, Scott; Beroukhim, Rameen; Salvesen, Helga B.
    Recent studies have detailed the genomic landscape of primary endometrial cancers, but their evolution into metastases has not been characterized. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 98 tumor biopsies including complex atypical hyperplasias, primary tumors, and paired abdominopelvic metastases to survey the evolutionary landscape of endometrial cancer. We expanded and reanalyzed TCGA-data, identifying novel recurrent alterations in primary tumors, including mutations in the estrogen receptor cofactor NRIP1 in 12% of patients. We found that likely driver events tended to be shared by primary and metastatic tissue-samples, with notable exceptions such as ARID1A mutations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the sampled metastases typically arose from a common ancestral subclone that was not detected in the primary tumor biopsy. These data demonstrate extensive genetic heterogeneity within endometrial cancers and relative homogeneity across metastatic sites.
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    Long-term Benefit of PD-L1 Blockade in Lung Cancer Associated with JAK3 Activation
    (American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), 2015) Van Allen, Eliezer; Golay, H. G.; Liu, Yan; Koyama, S.; Wong, Kwok-Kin; Taylor-Weiner, Amaro; Giannakis, Marios; Harden, M.; Rojas-Rudilla, V.; Chevalier, A.; Thai, T.; Lydon, C.; Mach, S.; Wong, J. A.; Rabin, A. R.; Helmkamp, J.; Sholl, Lynette; Carter, Scott; Oxnard, Geoffrey; Janne, Pasi; Getz, Gad; Lindeman, Neal; Hammerman, Peter S.; Garraway, Levi; Hodi, Frank; Rodig, Scott; Dranoff, Glenn; Barbie, David
    PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade occasionally results in durable clinical responses in advanced metastatic cancers. However, mechanism-based predictors of response to this immunotherapy remain incompletely characterized. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling on a tumor and germline sample from a patient with refractory lung adenocarcinoma who achieved marked long-term clinical benefit from anti-PD-L1 therapy. We discovered activating somatic and germline amino acid variants in JAK3 that promoted PD-L1 induction in lung cancer cells and in the tumor immune microenvironment. These findings suggest that genomic alterations that deregulate cytokine receptor signal transduction could contribute to PD-L1 activation and engagement of the PD-1 immune checkpoint in lung cancer.
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    Redefinition of Affymetrix Probe Sets by Sequence Overlap with cDNA Microarray Probes Reduces Cross-Platform Inconsistencies in Cancer-Associated Gene Expression Measurements
    (BioMed Central, 2005) Carter, Scott; Eklund, Aron C; Mecham, Brigham H; Kohane, Isaac; Szallasi, Zoltan
    Background: Comparison of data produced on different microarray platforms often shows surprising discordance. It is not clear whether this discrepancy is caused by noisy data or by improper probe matching between platforms. We investigated whether the significant level of inconsistency between results produced by alternative gene expression microarray platforms could be reduced by stringent sequence matching of microarray probes. We mapped the short oligo probes of the Affymetrix platform onto cDNA clones of the Stanford microarray platform. Affymetrix probes were reassigned to redefined probe sets if they mapped to the same cDNA clone sequence, regardless of the original manufacturer-defined grouping. The NCI-60 gene expression profiles produced by Affymetrix HuFL platform were recalculated using these redefined probe sets and compared to previously published cDNA measurements of the same panel of RNA samples. Results: The redefined probe sets displayed a substantially higher level of cross-platform consistency at the level of gene correlation, cell line correlation and unsupervised hierarchical clustering. The same strategy allowed an almost complete correspondence of breast cancer subtype classification between Affymetrix gene chip and cDNA microarray derived gene expression data, and gave an increased level of similarity between normal lung derived gene expression profiles using the two technologies. In total, two Affymetrix gene-chip platforms were remapped to three cDNA platforms in the various cross-platform analyses, resulting in improved concordance in each case. Conclusion: We have shown that probes which target overlapping transcript sequence regions on cDNA microarrays and Affymetrix gene-chips exhibit a greater level of concordance than the corresponding Unigene or sequence matched features. This method will be useful for the integrated analysis of gene expression data generated by multiple disparate measurement platforms.
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    Mutational patterns in chemotherapy resistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer
    (Nature Publishing Group UK, 2017) Liu, David; Abbosh, Philip; Keliher, Daniel; Reardon, Brendan; Miao, Diana; Mouw, Kent; Weiner-Taylor, Amaro; Wankowicz, Stephanie; Han, Garam; Teo, Min Yuen; Cipolla, Catharine; Kim, Jaegil; Iyer, Gopa; Al-Ahmadie, Hikmat; Dulaimi, Essel; Chen, David Y. T.; Alpaugh, R. Katherine; Hoffman-Censits, Jean; Garraway, Levi; Getz, Gad; Carter, Scott; Bellmunt, Joaquim; Plimack, Elizabeth R.; Rosenberg, Jonathan E.; Van Allen, Eliezer
    Despite continued widespread use, the genomic effects of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and implications for subsequent treatment are incompletely characterized. Here, we analyze whole exome sequencing of matched pre- and post-neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy primary bladder tumor samples from 30 muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. We observe no overall increase in tumor mutational burden post-chemotherapy, though a significant proportion of subclonal mutations are unique to the matched pre- or post-treatment tumor, suggesting chemotherapy-induced and/or spatial heterogeneity. We subsequently identify and validate a novel mutational signature in post-treatment tumors consistent with known characteristics of cisplatin damage and repair. We find that post-treatment tumor heterogeneity predicts worse overall survival, and further observe alterations in cell-cycle and immune checkpoint regulation genes in post-treatment tumors. These results provide insight into the clinical and genomic dynamics of tumor evolution with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, suggest mechanisms of clinical resistance, and inform development of clinically relevant biomarkers and trials of combination therapies.