Person: Lazaridis, Iosif
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Lazaridis
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Iosif
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Lazaridis, Iosif
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Publication The genetic origin of the Indo-Europeans(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02-05) Lazaridis, Iosif; Olalde, Iñigo; Khokhlov, Alexander A.; Kitov, Egor P.; Shishlina, Natalia I.; Ailincăi, Sorin C.; Agapov, Danila S.; Agapov, Sergey A.; Batieva, Elena; Bauyrzhan, Baitanayev; Bereczki, Zsolt; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Changmai, Piya; Chizhevsky, Andrey A.; Ciobanu, Ion; Constantinescu, Mihai; Csányi, Marietta; Dani, János; Dashkovskiy, Peter K.; Évinger, Sándor; Faifert, Anatoly; Flegontov, Pavel; Frînculeasa, Alin; Frînculeasa, Mădălina N.; Hajdu, Tamás; Higham, Tom; Jarosz, Paweł; Jelínek, Pavol; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Kirginekov, Eduard N.; Kiss, Viktória; Kitova, Alexandera; Kiyashko, Alexeiy V.; Koledin, Jovan; Korolev, Arkady; Kosintsev, Pavel; Kulcsár, Gabriella; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Magomedov, Rabadan; Mamedov, Aslan M.; Melis, Eszter; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Molnár, Erika; Monge, Janet; Negrea, Octav; Nikolaeva, Nadezhda A.; Novak, Mario; Ochir-Goryaeva, Maria; Pálfi, György; Popovici, Sergiu; Rykun, Marina P.; Savenkova, Tatyana M.; Semibratov, Vladimir P.; Seregin, Nikolai N.; Šefčáková, Alena; Mussayeva, Raikhan S.; Shingiray, Irina; Shirokov, Vladimir N.; Simalcsik, Angela; Sirak, Kendra; Solodovnikov, Konstantin N.; Tárnoki, Judit; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Trifonov, Viktor; Vasilyev, Sergey; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Flegontova, Olga; Keating, Denise; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Pinhasi, Ron; Anthony, David; Vyazov, Leonid; Fournier, Romain; Ringbauer, Harald; Akbari, Ali; Brielle, Esther; Callan, Kimberly; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Kearns, Aisling; Mah, Matthew; Micco, Adam; Michel, Megan; Reich, DavidThe Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300 BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000 BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize Yamnaya origins among preceding Eneolithic people, we assembled ancient DNA from 428 individuals, demonstrating three genetic clines. A “Caucasus-Lower Volga” (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer1 ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end, and a northern end at Berezhnovka along the Lower Volga river. Bidirectional gene flow created intermediate populations, such as north Caucasus Maikop people, and those at Remontnoye on the steppe. The “Volga Cline” was formed as CLV people mixed with upriver populations of Eastern hunter-gatherer2 ancestry, creating hyper-variable groups as at Khvalynsk. The “Dnipro Cline” was formed as CLV people moved west, mixing with Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherers3 along the Dnipro river to establish Serednii Stih groups from whom Yamnaya ancestors formed around 4000 BCE and grew explosively after 3750-3350 BCE. CLV people contributed four-fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, and, entering Anatolia likely from the east, at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where Hittite was spoken4,5. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of “Proto-Indo-Anatolian”, the language ancestral to both Anatolian and Indo-European, was among CLV people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.Publication Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans(2014) Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Mittnik, Alissa; Renaud, Gabriel; Mallick, Swapan; Kirsanow, Karola; Sudmant, Peter H.; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Castellano, Sergi; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Economou, Christos; Bollongino, Ruth; Fu, Qiaomei; Bos, Kirsten I.; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Li, Heng; de Filippo, Cesare; Prüfer, Kay; Sawyer, Susanna; Posth, Cosimo; Haak, Wolfgang; Hallgren, Fredrik; Fornander, Elin; Rohland-Pinello, Nadin; Delsate, Dominique; Francken, Michael; Guinet, Jean-Michel; Wahl, Joachim; Ayodo, George; Babiker, Hamza A.; Bailliet, Graciela; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Barrantes, Ramiro; Bedoya, Gabriel; Ben-Ami, Haim; Bene, Judit; Berrada, Fouad; Bravi, Claudio M.; Brisighelli, Francesca; Busby, George B. J.; Cali, Francesco; Churnosov, Mikhail; Cole, David E. C.; Corach, Daniel; Damba, Larissa; van Driem, George; Dryomov, Stanislav; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Fedorova, Sardana A.; Romero, Irene Gallego; Gubina, Marina; Hammer, Michael; Henn, Brenna M.; Hervig, Tor; Hodoglugil, Ugur; Jha, Aashish R.; Karachanak-Yankova, Sena; Khusainova, Rita; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Kittles, Rick; Kivisild, Toomas; Klitz, William; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Kushniarevich, Alena; Laredj, Leila; Litvinov, Sergey; Loukidis, Theologos; Mahley, Robert W.; Melegh, Béla; Metspalu, Ene; Molina, Julio; Mountain, Joanna; Näkkäläjärvi, Klemetti; Nesheva, Desislava; Nyambo, Thomas; Osipova, Ludmila; Parik, Jüri; Platonov, Fedor; Posukh, Olga; Romano, Valentino; Rothhammer, Francisco; Rudan, Igor; Ruizbakiev, Ruslan; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Sajantila, Antti; Salas, Antonio; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Tarekegn, Ayele; Toncheva, Draga; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Utevska, Olga; Vasquez, René; Villena, Mercedes; Voevoda, Mikhail; Winkler, Cheryl; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Zalloua, Pierre; Zemunik, Tatijana; Cooper, Alan; Capelli, Cristian; Thomas, Mark G.; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Comas, David; Sukernik, Rem; Metspalu, Mait; Meyer, Matthias; Eichler, Evan E.; Burger, Joachim; Slatkin, Montgomery; Pääbo, Svante; Kelso, Janet; Reich, David; Krause, JohannesWe sequenced the genomes of a ~7,000 year old farmer from Germany and eight ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analyzed these and other ancient genomes1–4 with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians3, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships and show that EEF had ~44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian” population that split prior to the diversification of other non-African lineages.Publication Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East(2016) Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Lengyel, György; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Blüher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tönjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, DavidWe report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000-1,400 BCE, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a ‘Basal Eurasian’ lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages prior to their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter-gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter-gatherers of Europe to drastically reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those from Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.Publication Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans(2017) Lazaridis, Iosif; Mittnik, Alissa; Patterson, Nick; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Pfrengle, Saskia; Furtwängler, Anja; Peltzer, Alexander; Posth, Cosimo; Vasilakis, Andonis; McGeorge, P.J.P.; Konsolaki-Yannopoulou, Eleni; Korres, George; Martlew, Holley; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Özsait, Mehmet; Özsait, Nesrin; Papathanasiou, Anastasia; Richards, Michael; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Tzedakis, Yannis; Arnott, Robert; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Hughey, Jeffery R.; Lotakis, Dimitra M.; Navas, Patrick A.; Maniatis, Yannis; Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.; Stewardson, Kristin; Stockhammer, Philipp; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David; Krause, Johannes; Stamatoyannopoulos, GeorgeThe origins of the Bronze Age Minoan and Mycenaean cultures have puzzled archaeologists for more than a century. We assembled genome-wide data from nineteen ancient individuals, including Minoans from Crete, Mycenaeans from mainland Greece, and their eastern neighbours from southwestern Anatolia. We show that Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically similar, having at least three quarters of their ancestry from the first Neolithic farmers of western Anatolia and the Aegean1,2, and most of the remainder from ancient populations like those of the Caucasus3 and Iran4,5. However, the Mycenaeans differed from Minoans in deriving additional ancestry from an ultimate source related to the hunter-gatherers of eastern Europe and Siberia6–8, introduced via a proximal source related to either the inhabitants of either the Eurasian steppe1,6,9 or Armenia4,9. Modern Greeks resemble the Mycenaeans, but with some additional dilution of the early Neolithic ancestry. Our results support the idea of continuity but not isolation in the history of populations of the Aegean, before and after the time of its earliest civilizations.Publication An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor(2015) Fu, Qiaomei; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Moldovan, Oana Teodora; Constantin, Silviu; Mallick, Swapan; Skoglund, Pontus R; Patterson, Nick; Rohland-Pinello, Nadin; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nickel, Birgit; Viola, Bence; Prüfer, Kay; Meyer, Matthias; Kelso, Janet; Reich, David; Pääbo, SvanteNeanderthals are thought to have disappeared in Europe ~39,000–41,000 years ago but they have contributed one to three percent of the DNA of present-day people in Eurasia1. Here, we analyze DNA from a 37,000–42,000-year-old2 modern human from Peştera cu Oase, Romania. Although the specimen contains small amounts of human DNA, we use an enrichment strategy to isolate sites that are informative about its relationship to Neanderthals and present-day humans. We find that on the order of six to nine percent of the genome of the Oase individual is derived from Neanderthals, more than any other modern human sequenced to date. Three chromosomal segments of Neanderthal ancestry are over 50 centimorgans in size, indicating that this individual had a Neanderthal ancestor as recently as four to six generations back. However, the Oase individual does not share more alleles with later Europeans than with East Asians, suggesting that the Oase population did not contribute substantially to later humans in Europe.Publication Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians(2016) Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav; Pickrel, Joseph; Arsuaga, Juan Luís; de Castro, José María Bermúdez; Carbonell, Eudald; Gerritsen, Fokke; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Lozano, Marina; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roodenberg, Jacob; Vergès, Josep Maria; Krause, Johannes; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Haak, Wolfgang; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, DavidAncient DNA makes it possible to directly witness natural selection by analyzing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report the first scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest genome-wide dataset yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians dating to between 6500 and 1000 BCE, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include the first genome-wide data from the Anatolian Neolithic culture whose genetic material we extracted from the DNA-rich petrous bone and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe’s first farmers. We also report a complete transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5500 and 1200 BCE that allows us to recognize admixture from at least two external sources into steppe populations during this period. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height.Publication The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations(Springer Nature, 2016) Mallick, Swapan; Li, Heng; Lipson, Mark; Mathieson, Iain; Gymrek, Melissa Ann; Racimo, Fernando; Zhao, Mengyao; Chennagiri, Niru; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Tandon, Arti; Skoglund, Pontus R; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sankararaman, Sriram; Fu, Qiaomei; Rohland-Pinello, Nadin; Renaud, Gabriel; Erlich, Yaniv; Willems, Thomas; Gallo, Carla; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Song, Yun; Poletti, Giovanni; Balloux, Francois; van Driem, George; de Knijff, Peter; Romero, Irene Gallego; Jha, Aashish R.; Behar, Doron M.; Bravi, Claudio M.; Capelli, Cristian; Hervig, Tor; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Posukh, Olga L.; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Karachanak-Yankova, Sena; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Toncheva, Draga; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Xue, Yali; Abdullah, M. Syafiq; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Beall, Cynthia M.; Di Rienzo, Anna; Jeong, Choongwon; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Metspalu, Ene; Parik, Jüri; Villems, Richard; Henn, Brenna M.; Hodoglugil, Ugur; Mahley, Robert; Sajantila, Antti; Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Wee, Joseph T. S.; Khusainova, Rita; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Litvinov, Sergey; Ayodo, George; Comas, David; Hammer, Michael F.; Kivisild, Toomas; Klitz, William; Winkler, Cheryl A.; Labuda, Damian; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B.; Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Watkins, W. Scott; Metspalu, Mait; Dryomov, Stanislav; Sukernik, Rem; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Pääbo, Svante; Kelso, Janet; Patterson, Nick; Reich, DavidWe report the Simons Genome Diversity Project (SGDP) dataset: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioral modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that in other non-Africans.Publication Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe(Nature Publishing Group, 2017) Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; Sell, Christian; Blöcher, Jens; Kirsanow, Karola; Rohland, Nadin; Rieger, Benjamin; Kaiser, Elke; Schier, Wolfram; Pozdniakov, Dimitri; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Georges, Myriam; Wilde, Sandra; Powell, Adam; Heyer, Evelyne; Currat, Mathias; Reich, David; Samashev, Zainolla; Parzinger, Hermann; Molodin, Vyacheslav I.; Burger, JoachimDuring the 1st millennium before the Common Era (BCE), nomadic tribes associated with the Iron Age Scythian culture spread over the Eurasian Steppe, covering a territory of more than 3,500 km in breadth. To understand the demographic processes behind the spread of the Scythian culture, we analysed genomic data from eight individuals and a mitochondrial dataset of 96 individuals originating in eastern and western parts of the Eurasian Steppe. Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age.Publication A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02-05) Nikitin, Alexey G.; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Ivanova, Svitlana; Videiko, Mykhailo; Dergachev, Valentin; Kotova, Nadiia; Lillie, Malcolm; Potekhina, Inna; Krenz-Niedbała, Marta; Łukasik, Sylwia; Makhortykh, Serhij; Renson, Virginie; Shephard, Henry; Sirbu, Gennadie; Svyryd, Sofiia; Tkachuk, Taras; Włodarczak, Piotr; Callan, Kimberly; Curtis, Elizabeth; Harney, Eadaoin; Iliev, Lora; Kearns, Aisling; Lawson, Ann Marie; Michel, Megan; Mah, Matthew; Micco, Adam; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Reich, DavidThe north Black Sea (Pontic) Region was the nexus of the farmers of Old Europe and the foragers and pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe1,2, and the source of waves of migrants that expanded deep into Europe3–5. We report genome-wide data from 78 prehistoric North Pontic individuals to understand the genetic makeup of the people involved in these migrations and discover the reasons for their success. First, we show that native North Pontic foragers had ancestry not only from Balkan and Eastern hunter-gatherers6but also from European farmers and, occasionally, Caucasus hunter-gatherers. More dramatic inflows ensued during the Eneolithic, when migrants from the Caucasus-Lower Volga area7moved westward, bypassing the local foragers to mix with Trypillian farmers advancing eastward. People of the Usatove archaeological group in the Northwest Pontic were formed ca. 4500 BCE with an equal measure of ancestry from the two expanding groups. A different Caucasus-Lower Volga group, moving westward in a distinct but temporally overlapping wave, avoided the farmers altogether, and blended with the foragers instead to form the people of the Serednii Stih archaeological complex7. A third wave of expansion occurred when Yamna descendants of the Serednii Stih forming ca. 4000 BCE expanded during the Early Bronze Age (3300 BCE). The temporal gap between Serednii Stih and the Yamna expansion is bridged by a genetically Yamna individual from Mykhailivka in Ukraine (3635-3383 BCE), a site of uninterrupted archaeological continuity across the Eneolithic-Bronze Age transition, and the likely epicenter of Yamna formation. Each of these three waves propagated distinctive ancestries while also incorporating outsiders during its advance, a flexible strategy forged in the North Pontic region that may explain its peoples’ outsized success in spreading their genes and culture across Eurasia3–5,8–10.Publication Large-Scale Migration into Britain During the Middle to Late Bronze Age(SpringerNature, 2021-12-22) Patterson, Nicholas; Isakov, Michael; Booth, Thomas; Büster, Lindsey; Fischer, Claire-Elise; Olalde, Inigo; Ringbauer, Harald; Akbari, Ali; Cheronet, Olivia; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Adamski, Nicole; Altena, Eveline; Bernardos, Rebecca; Brace, Selina; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly; Candilio, Francesca; Culleton, Brendan; Curtis, Elizabeth; Demetz, Lea; Carlson, Kellie; Edwards, C.; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Foody, M. George B.; Freilich, Suzanne; Goodchild, Helen; Kearns, Aisling; Lawson, Ann Marie; Lazaridis, Iosif; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Mandl, Kirsten; Micco, Adam; Michel, Megan; Morante, Guillermo Bravo; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Özdoğan, Kadir Toykan; Qiu, Lijun; Schattke, Constanze; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, James; Zalzala, Fatma; Zhang, Zhao; Agustí, Bibiana; Allen, Tim; Almássy, Katalin; Amkreutz, Luc; Ash, Abigail; Baillif-Ducros, Christèle; Barclay, Alistair; Bartosiewicz, László; Baxter, Katherine; Bernert, Zsolt; Blažek, Jan; Bodružić, Mario; Boissinot, Philippe; Bonsall, Clive; Bradley, Pippa; Brittain, Marcus; Brookes, Alison; Brown, Fraser; Brown, Lisa; Budd, Chelsea; Burmaz, Josip; Canet, Sylvain; Carnicero-Cáceres, Silvia; Čaušević-Bully, Morana; Chamberlain, Andrew; Chauvin, Sébastien; Clough, Sharon; Čondić, Natalija; Coppa, Alfredo; Craig, Oliver; Črešnar, Matija; Cummings, Vicki; Czifra, Szabolcs; Danielisová, Alžběta; Daniels, Robin; Davies, Alex; de Jersey, Philip; Deacon, Jody; Deminger, Csilla; Ditchfield, Peter W.; Dizdar, Marko; Dobeš, Miroslav; Dobisíková, Miluše; Domboróczki, László; Drinkall, Gail; Đukić, Ana; Ernée, Michal; Evans, Christopher; Evans, Jane; Fernández-Götz, Manuel; Filipović, Slavica; Fitzpatrick, Andrew; Fokkens, Harry; Fowler, Chris; Fox, Allison; Gallina, Zsolt; Gamble, Michelle; González Morales, Manuel R.; González-Rabanal, Borja; Green, Adrian; Gyenesei, Katalin; Habermehl, Diederick; Hajdu, Tamás; Hamilton, Derek; Harris, James; Hayden, Chris; Hendriks, Joep; Hernu, Bénédicte; Hey, Gill; Horňák, Milan; Ilon, Gábor; Istvánovits, Eszter; Jones, Andy M.; Blečić Kavur, Martina; Kazek, Kevin; Kenyon, Robert A.; Khreisheh, Amal; Kiss, Viktória; Kleijne, Jos; Knight, Mark; Kootker, Lisette M.; Kovács, Péter F.; Kozubová, Anita; Kulcsár, Gabriella; Kulcsár, Valéria; Le Pennec, Christophe; Legge, Michael; Leivers, Matt; Loe, Louise; López-Costas, Olalla; Lord, Tom; Los, Dženi; Lyall, James; Marín-Arroyo, Ana B.; Mason, Philip; Matošević, Damir; Maxted, Andy; McIntyre, Lauren; McKinley, Jacqueline; McSweeney, Kathleen; Meijlink, Bernard; Mende, Balázs G.; Menđušić, Marko; Metlička, Milan; Meyer, Sophie; Mihovilić, Kristina; Milasinovic, Lidija; Minnitt, Steve; Moore, Joanna; Morley, Geoff; Mullan, Graham; Musilová, Margaréta; Neil, Benjamin; Nicholls, Rebecca; Novak, Mario; Pala, Maria; Papworth, Martin; Paresys, Cécile; Patten, Ricky; Perkić, Domagoj; Pesti, Krisztina; Petit, Alba; Petriščáková, Katarína; Pichon, Coline; Pickard, Catriona; Pilling, Zoltán; Price, T. Douglas; Radović, Siniša; Redfern, Rebecca; Resutík, Branislav; Rhodes, Daniel T.; Richards, Martin B.; Roberts, Amy; Roefstra, Jean; Sankot, Pavel; Šefčáková, Alena; Sheridan, Alison; Skae, Sabine; Šmolíková, Miroslava; Somogyi, Krisztina; Somogyvári, Ágnes; Stephens, Mark; Szabó, Géza; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Szeniczey, Tamás; Tabor, Jonathan; Tankó, Károly; Tavarez Maria, Clenis; Terry, Rachel; Teržan, Biba; Teschler-Nicola, Maria; Torres-Martínez, Jesús F.; Trapp, Julien; Turle, Ross; Ujvári, Ferenc; van der Heiden, Menno; Veleminsky, Petr; Veselka, Barbara; Vytlačil, Zdeněk; Waddington, Clive; Ware, Paula; Wilkinson, Paul; Wilson, Linda; Wiseman, Rob; Young, Eilidh; Zaninović, Joško; Žitňan, Andrej; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; de Knijff, Peter; Barnes, Ian; Halkon, Peter; Thomas, Mark G.; Kennett, Douglas J.; Cunliffe, Barry; Lillie, Malcolm; Rohland-Pinello, Nadin; Pinhasi, Ron; Armit, Ian; Reich, DavidPresent-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000-875 BCE, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across Central and Western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain’s independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in Central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in Central Europe over this period.