Person: Brandt, Allan
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Brandt
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Brandt, Allan
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Publication Research Ethics after World War II: The Insular Culture of Biomedicine(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996) Brandt, Allan; Freidenfelds, LaraPublication Tobacco Advertising in the United States: A Proposal for a Constitutionally Acceptable Form of Regulation(American Medical Association, 2002) Bayer, Ronald; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Javitt, Gail H.; Brandt, AllanLorillard Tobacco Co. v Reilly is the latest in a series of Supreme Court cases striking down public health regulation of advertising as a violation of the First Amendment. In its decision, the Supreme Court significantly reduced the scope of constitutionally acceptable forms of regulation of tobacco advertising and created an almost insoluble dilemma for public health authorities. Control over advertising, along with taxes and restrictions on smoking in public settings, plays an important role in the public health response to tobacco. Those committed to reducing the patterns of cigarette-related morbidity and mortality should broaden their advertising-related strategies and consider the role that greater disclosure of the health harms of tobacco can have on reducing consumption. Toward this end, we propose a comprehensive system of taxation and regulation designed to increase public appreciation and comprehension of the health risks of cigarettes. First, we consider a tax to be levied on tobacco advertising and promotion or, as an alternative, a new excise tax, the proceeds of which would be used exclusively to fund a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–directed national antitobacco campaign. Second, all print advertising should be required to carry public health warnings equivalent to 50% of the space devoted to the advertisement. Third, manufacturers should be required to devote one full side of cigarette packages to graphic pictorials displaying the dangers of smoking. The tobacco industry would no doubt respond by declaring such efforts an unwarranted burden, an example of constitutionally suspect compelled speech. However, this would be a battle worth engaging, because it might have an impact on tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in the United States.Publication Criteria for Evaluating a Ban on the Advertisement of Cigarettes: Balancing Public Health Benefits With Constitutional Burdens(1993) Gostin, Lawrence O.; Brandt, AllanPublication Bioethics: Using Its Historical and Social Context(Little Brown and Company, 2001) Belkin, Gary S.; Brandt, AllanPublication The Approaching Epidemic(Hawthorn Press, 1988) Brandt, AllanPublication "The Doctors’ Choice Is America’s Choice”: The Physician in US Cigarette Advertisements, 1930-1953(American Public Health Association, 2006) Gardner, Martha N.; Brandt, AllanIn the 1930s and 1940s, smoking became the norm for both men and women in the United States, and a majority of physicians smoked. At the same time, there was rising public anxiety about the health risks of cigarette smoking. One strategic response of tobacco companies was to devise advertising referring directly to physicians. As ad campaigns featuring physicians developed through the early 1950s, tobacco executives used the doctor image to assure the consumer that their respective brands were safe. These advertisements also suggested that the individual physicians' clinical judgment should continue to be the arbiter of the harms of cigarette smoking even as systematic health evidence accumulated. However, by 1954, industry strategists deemed physician images in advertisements no longer credible in the face of growing public concern about the health evidence implicating cigarettes.Publication Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study(The Hastings Center, 1978) Brandt, AllanPublication The Ways and Means of American Medicine(The Hastings Center, 1983) Brandt, AllanPublication Medical Nemesis?(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985) Brandt, AllanPublication Electronic Patient-Physician Communication: Problems and Promise(American College of Physicians, 1998) Mandl, Kenneth; Kohane, Isaac; Brandt, AllanA critical mass of Internet users will soon enable wide diffusion of electronic communication within medical practice. E-mail between physicians and patients offers important opportunities for better communication. Linking patients and physicians through e-mail may increase the involvement of patients in supervising and documenting their own health care, processes that may activate patients and contribute to improved health. These new linkages may have profound implications for the patientphysician relationship. Although the federal government proposes regulation of telemedicine technologies and medical software, communications technologies are evolving under less scrutiny. Unless these technologies are implemented with substantial forethought, they may disturb delicate balances in the patient-physician relationship, widen social disparities in health outcomes, and create barriers to access to health care. This paper seeks to identify the promise and pitfalls of electronic patient-pbysician communication before such technology becomes widely distributed. A research agenda is proposed that would provide data that are useful for careful shaping of the communications infrastructure. The paper addresses the need to 1) define appropriate use of the various modes of patient-physician communication, 2) ensure the security and confidentiality of patient information, 3) create user interfaces that guide patients in effective use of the technology, 4) proactively assess medicolegal liability, and 5) ensure access to the technology by a multicultural, multilingual population with varying degrees of literacy.
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