Person: Ziller, Michael
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Ziller
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Michael
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Ziller, Michael
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Publication Coverage recommendations for methylation analysis by whole genome bisulfite sequencing(2014) Ziller, Michael; Hansen, Kasper D.; Meissner, Alexander; Aryee, MartinWhole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) allows genome-wide DNA methylation profiling but the associated high sequencing costs continue to limit its widespread application. We utilized several high coverage reference data sets to experimentally determine minimal sequencing requirements. Here, we present data derived recommendations for minimum sequencing depth for WGBS libraries, highlight what is gained with increasing coverage and discuss the trade off between sequencing depth and number of assayed replicates.Publication Charting a dynamic DNA methylation landscape of the human genome(2013) Ziller, Michael; Gu, Hongcang; Müller, Fabian; Donaghey, Julie; Tsai, Linus T.-Y.; Kohlbacher, Oliver; De Jager, Phil L.; Rosen, Evan; Bennett, David A.; Bernstein, Bradley; Gnirke, Andreas; Meissner, AlexanderDNA methylation is a defining feature of mammalian cellular identity and essential for normal development1,2. Most cell types, except germ cells and pre-implantation embryos3–5, display relatively stable DNA methylation patterns with 70–80% of all CpGs being methylated6. Despite recent advances we still have a too limited understanding of when, where and how many CpGs participate in genomic regulation. Here we report the in depth analysis of 42 whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data sets across 30 diverse human cell and tissue types. We observe dynamic regulation for only 21.8% of autosomal CpGs within a normal developmental context, a majority of which are distal to transcription start sites. These dynamic CpGs co-localize with gene regulatory elements, particularly enhancers and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), which allow identification of key lineage specific regulators. In addition, differentially methylated regions (DMRs) often harbor SNPs associated with cell type related diseases as determined by GWAS. The results also highlight the general inefficiency of WGBS as 70–80% of the sequencing reads across these data sets provided little or no relevant information regarding CpG methylation. To further demonstrate the utility of our DMR set, we use it to classify unknown samples and identify representative signature regions that recapitulate major DNA methylation dynamics. In summary, although in theory every CpG can change its methylation state, our results suggest that only a fraction does so as part of coordinated regulatory programs. Therefore our selected DMRs can serve as a starting point to help guide novel, more effective reduced representation approaches to capture the most informative fraction of CpGs as well as further pinpoint putative regulatory elements.Publication The systems biology simulation core algorithm(BioMed Central, 2013) Keller, Roland; Dörr, Alexander; Tabira, Akito; Funahashi, Akira; Ziller, Michael; Adams, Richard; Rodriguez, Nicolas; Novère, Nicolas Le; Hiroi, Noriko; Planatscher, Hannes; Zell, Andreas; Dräger, AndreasBackground: With the increasing availability of high dimensional time course data for metabolites, genes, and fluxes, the mathematical description of dynamical systems has become an essential aspect of research in systems biology. Models are often encoded in formats such as SBML, whose structure is very complex and difficult to evaluate due to many special cases. Results: This article describes an efficient algorithm to solve SBML models that are interpreted in terms of ordinary differential equations. We begin our consideration with a formal representation of the mathematical form of the models and explain all parts of the algorithm in detail, including several preprocessing steps. We provide a flexible reference implementation as part of the Systems Biology Simulation Core Library, a community-driven project providing a large collection of numerical solvers and a sophisticated interface hierarchy for the definition of custom differential equation systems. To demonstrate the capabilities of the new algorithm, it has been tested with the entire SBML Test Suite and all models of BioModels Database. Conclusions: The formal description of the mathematics behind the SBML format facilitates the implementation of the algorithm within specifically tailored programs. The reference implementation can be used as a simulation backend for Java™-based programs. Source code, binaries, and documentation can be freely obtained under the terms of the LGPL version 3 from http://simulation-core.sourceforge.net. Feature requests, bug reports, contributions, or any further discussion can be directed to the mailing list simulation-core-development@lists.sourceforge.net.Publication Transcription factor binding dynamics during human ESC differentiation(2015) Tsankov, Alexander M.; Gu, Hongcang; Akopian, Veronika; Ziller, Michael; Donaghey, Julie; Amit, Ido; Gnirke, Andreas; Meissner, AlexanderSummary Pluripotent stem cells provide a powerful system to dissect the underlying molecular dynamics that regulate cell fate changes during mammalian development. Here we report the integrative analysis of genome wide binding data for 38 transcription factors with extensive epigenome and transcriptional data across the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to the three germ layers. We describe core regulatory dynamics and show the lineage specific behavior of selected factors. In addition to the orchestrated remodeling of the chromatin landscape, we find that the binding of several transcription factors is strongly associated with specific loss of DNA methylation in one germ layer and in many cases a reciprocal gain in the other layers. Taken together, our work shows context-dependent rewiring of transcription factor binding, downstream signaling effectors, and the epigenome during human embryonic stem cell differentiation.Publication Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes(2015) Kundaje, Anshul; Meuleman, Wouter; Ernst, Jason; Bilenky, Misha; Yen, Angela; Kheradpour, Pouya; Zhang, Zhizhuo; Heravi-Moussavi, Alireza; Liu, Yaping; Amin, Viren; Ziller, Michael; Whitaker, John W; Schultz, Matthew D; Sandstrom, Richard S; Eaton, Matthew L; Wu, Yi-Chieh; Wang, Jianrong; Ward, Lucas D; Sarkar, Abhishek; Quon, Gerald; Pfenning, Andreas; Wang, Xinchen; Claussnitzer, Melina; Coarfa, Cristian; Harris, R Alan; Shoresh, Noam; Epstein, Charles B; Gjoneska, Elizabeta; Leung, Danny; Xie, Wei; Hawkins, R David; Lister, Ryan; Hong, Chibo; Gascard, Philippe; Mungall, Andrew J; Moore, Richard; Chuah, Eric; Tam, Angela; Canfield, Theresa K; Hansen, R Scott; Kaul, Rajinder; Sabo, Peter J; Bansal, Mukul S; Carles, Annaick; Dixon, Jesse R; Farh, Kai-How; Feizi, Soheil; Karlic, Rosa; Kim, Ah-Ram; Kulkarni, Ashwinikumar; Li, Daofeng; Lowdon, Rebecca; Mercer, Tim R; Neph, Shane J; Onuchic, Vitor; Polak, Paz; Rajagopal, Nisha; Ray, Pradipta; Sallari, Richard C; Siebenthall, Kyle T; Sinnott-Armstrong, Nicholas; Stevens, Michael; Thurman, Robert E; Wu, Jie; Zhang, Bo; Zhou, Xin; Beaudet, Arthur E; Boyer, Laurie A; De Jager, Philip; Farnham, Peggy J; Fisher, Susan J; Haussler, David; Jones, Steven; Li, Wei; Marra, Marco; McManus, Michael T; Sunyaev, Shamil; Thomson, James A; Tlsty, Thea D; Tsai, Li-Huei; Wang, Wei; Waterland, Robert A; Zhang, Michael; Chadwick, Lisa H; Bernstein, Bradley; Costello, Joseph F; Ecker, Joseph R; Hirst, Martin; Meissner, Alexander; Milosavljevic, Aleksandar; Ren, Bing; Stamatoyannopoulos, John A; Wang, Ting; Kellis, ManolisThe reference human genome sequence set the stage for studies of genetic variation and its association with human disease, but a similar reference has lacked for epigenomic studies. To address this need, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium generated the largest collection to-date of human epigenomes for primary cells and tissues. Here, we describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the program, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation, and RNA expression. We establish global maps of regulatory elements, define regulatory modules of coordinated activity, and their likely activators and repressors. We show that disease and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically-relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease. Our results demonstrate the central role of epigenomic information for understanding gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and human disease.Publication Information recovery from low coverage whole-genome bisulfite sequencing(Nature Publishing Group, 2016) Libertini, Emanuele; Heath, Simon C.; Hamoudi, Rifat A.; Gut, Marta; Ziller, Michael; Czyz, Agata; Ruotti, Victor; Stunnenberg, Hendrik G.; Frontini, Mattia; Ouwehand, Willem H.; Meissner, Alexander; Gut, Ivo G.; Beck, StephanThe cost of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) remains a bottleneck for many studies and it is therefore imperative to extract as much information as possible from a given dataset. This is particularly important because even at the recommend 30X coverage for reference methylomes, up to 50% of high-resolution features such as differentially methylated positions (DMPs) cannot be called with current methods as determined by saturation analysis. To address this limitation, we have developed a tool that dynamically segments WGBS methylomes into blocks of comethylation (COMETs) from which lost information can be recovered in the form of differentially methylated COMETs (DMCs). Using this tool, we demonstrate recovery of ∼30% of the lost DMP information content as DMCs even at very low (5X) coverage. This constitutes twice the amount that can be recovered using an existing method based on differentially methylated regions (DMRs). In addition, we explored the relationship between COMETs and haplotypes in lymphoblastoid cell lines of African and European origin. Using best fit analysis, we show COMETs to be correlated in a population-specific manner, suggesting that this type of dynamic segmentation may be useful for integrated (epi)genome-wide association studies in the future.Publication Transcriptional and Epigenetic Dynamics during Specification of Human Embryonic Stem Cells(Elsevier BV, 2013) Gifford, Casey A.; Ziller, Michael; Gu, Hongcang; Trapnell, Cole; Donaghey, Julie; Tsankov, Alexander M.; Shalek, Alex K.; Kelley, David Roy; Shishkin, Alexander A.; Issner, Robbyn; Zhang, Xiaolan; Coyne, Michael; Fostel, Jennifer L.; Holmes, Laurie; Meldrim, Jim; Guttman, Mitchell; Epstein, Charles; Park, Hongkun; Kohlbacher, Oliver; Rinn, John; Gnirke, Andreas; Lander, Eric; Bernstein, Bradley; Meissner, AlexanderDifferentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provides a unique opportunity to study the regulatory mechanisms that facilitate cellular transitions in a human context. To that end, we performed comprehensive transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of populations derived through directed differentiation of hESCs representing each of the three embryonic germ layers. Integration of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and RNA sequencing reveals unique events associated with specification toward each lineage. Lineage-specific dynamic alterations in DNA methylation and H3K4me1 are evident at putative distal regulatory elements that are frequently bound by pluripotency factors in the undifferentiated hESCs. In addition, we identified germ-layer-specific H3K27me3 enrichment at sites exhibiting high DNA methylation in the undifferentiated state. A better understanding of these initial specification events will facilitate identification of deficiencies in current approaches, leading to more faithful differentiation strategies as well as providing insights into the rewiring of human regulatory programs during cellular transitions.Publication Pathways Disrupted in Human ALS Motor Neurons Identified through Genetic Correction of Mutant SOD1(Elsevier BV, 2014) Kiskinis, Evangelos; Sandoe, Jackson L; Williams, Lauren; Boulting, Gabriella; Moccia, Robert; Wainger, Brian; Han, Steve Sang-woo; Peng, Theodore; Thams, Sebastian; Mikkilineni, Shravani; Mellin, Cassidy; Merkle, Florian; Davis-Dusenbery, Brandi N; Ziller, Michael; Oakley, Derek; Ichida, Justin; Di Costanzo, Stefania; Atwater, Nick; Maeder, M; Goodwin, Marcus; Nemesh, James; Handsaker, Robert; Paull, Daniel; Noggle, Scott; McCarroll, Steven; Joung, Keith; Woolf, Carl; Brown, Robert H; Eggan, KevinDirect electrical recording and stimulation of neural activity using micro-fabricated silicon and metal micro-wire probes have contributed extensively to basic neuroscience and therapeutic applications; however, the dimensional and mechanical mismatch of these probes with the brain tissue limits their stability in chronic implants and decreases the neuron–device contact. Here, we demonstrate the realization of a three-dimensional macroporous nanoelectronic brain probe that combines ultra-flexibility and subcellular feature sizes to overcome these limitations. Built-in strains controlling the local geometry of the macroporous devices are designed to optimize the neuron/probe interface and to promote integration with the brain tissue while introducing minimal mechanical perturbation. The ultra-flexible probes were implanted frozen into rodent brains and used to record multiplexed local field potentials and single-unit action potentials from the somatosensory cortex. Significantly, histology analysis revealed filling-in of neural tissue through the macroporous network and attractive neuron–probe interactions, consistent with long-term biocompatibility of the device.Publication Targeted disruption of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in human embryonic stem cells(2015) Liao, Jing; Karnik, Rahul; Gu, Hongcang; Ziller, Michael; Clement, Kendell; Tsankov, Alexander M.; Akopian, Veronika; Gifford, Casey A.; Donaghey, Julie; Galonska, Christina; Pop, Ramona; Reyon, Deepak; Tsai, Shengdar Q.; Mallard, William; Joung, J. Keith; Rinn, John; Gnirke, Andreas; Meissner, AlexanderDNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification involved in regulating gene expression and maintaining genomic integrity. Here we inactivated all three catalytically active DNA methyltransferases in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to further investigate their roles and genomic targets. Disruption of DNMT3A or DNMT3B individually, as well as of both enzymes in tandem, creates viable, pluripotent cell lines with distinct effects on their DNA methylation landscape as assessed by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Surprisingly, in contrast to mouse, deletion of DNMT1 resulted in rapid cell death in human ESCs. To overcome the immediate lethality, we generated a doxycycline (DOX) responsive tTA-DNMT1* rescue line and readily obtained homozygous DNMT1 mutant lines. However, DOX-mediated repression of the exogenous DNMT1* initiates rapid, global loss of DNA methylation, followed by extensive cell death. Our data provide a comprehensive characterization of DNMT mutant ESCs, including single base genome-wide maps of their targets.Publication Analysing human neural stem cell ontogeny by consecutive isolation of Notch active neural progenitors(Nature Pub. Group, 2015) Edri, Reuven; Yaffe, Yakey; Ziller, Michael; Mutukula, Naresh; Volkman, Rotem; David, Eyal; Jacob-Hirsch, Jasmine; Malcov, Hagar; Levy, Carmit; Rechavi, Gideon; Gat-Viks, Irit; Meissner, Alexander; Elkabetz, YechielDecoding heterogeneity of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived neural progeny is fundamental for revealing the origin of diverse progenitors, for defining their lineages, and for identifying fate determinants driving transition through distinct potencies. Here we have prospectively isolated consecutively appearing PSC-derived primary progenitors based on their Notch activation state. We first isolate early neuroepithelial cells and show their broad Notch-dependent developmental and proliferative potential. Neuroepithelial cells further yield successive Notch-dependent functional primary progenitors, from early and midneurogenic radial glia and their derived basal progenitors, to gliogenic radial glia and adult-like neural progenitors, together recapitulating hallmarks of neural stem cell (NSC) ontogeny. Gene expression profiling reveals dynamic stage-specific transcriptional patterns that may link development of distinct progenitor identities through Notch activation. Our observations provide a platform for characterization and manipulation of distinct progenitor cell types amenable for developing streamlined neural lineage specification paradigms for modelling development in health and disease.