Timed chromatin invasion during mitosis governs prototype foamy virus integration site selection and infectivity

Abstract

Selection of a suitable chromatin environment during retroviral integration is a tightly regulated process. Most retroviruses, including spumaretroviruses, require mitosis for nuclear entry. However, whether intrinsic chromatin dynamics during mitosis modulates retroviral genome invasion is unknown. Previous work uncovered critical interactions of prototype foamy virus (PFV) Gag with nucleosomes via a highly conserved arginine anchor residue. Yet, the regulation of Gag-chromatin interaction and its functional consequences for spumaretrovirus biology remain obscure. Here, we investigated the kinetics of chromatin binding by Gag during mitosis and proviral integration in synchronized cells. We showed that alteration of Gag affinity for nucleosome binding induced untimely chromatin tethering during mitosis, decreased infectivity, and redistributed viral integration sites to markers associated with late replication timing of chromosomes. Mutant Gag proteins were, moreover, defective in their ability to displace the histone H4 tail from the nucleosome acidic patch of highly condensed chromatin. These data indicate that the chromatin landscape during Gag-nucleosome interactions is important for PFV integration site selection and that spumaretroviruses evolved high-affinity chromatin binding to overcome early mitosis chromatin condensation.