Ending the Stalemate: Iran, the United States, and the Use of Applied History to Facilitate Changes in Diplomacy
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Date
January 6, 2026
Author(s)
Bell , Blake
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Citation
Bell , Blake . 2026. Ending the Stalemate: Iran, the United States, and the Use of Applied History to Facilitate Changes in Diplomacy. Masters Thesis, Harvard University Division of Continuing Education.
Abstract
This thesis explores the complex and adversarial relationship between the U.S.
and Iran since 1979, including the impacts of sanctions, Iran's pursuit of nuclear
weapons, regime change efforts, and alliances aimed at cooperation in the Middle East.
Examining historical parallels highlights how applied history can inform diplomatic
strategies. Sanctions, the primary U.S. approach toward Iran, have largely failed to
influence Iranian policies and have caused significant negative effects. Historical
examples, such as sanctions against Fascist Italy, reveal ineffectiveness in changing
aggressive behavior. I suggest the Peace of Westphalia from 1648 as a model for creating
a balanced Middle Eastern order involving major powers to reduce sectarian tensions and
promote cooperation. Iran's nuclear program is crucial for its national security as a
deterrent, and although Iran has not yet weaponized its capabilities, it is nearing threshold
status. Therefore, I propose that Iran could use nuclear weapons to negotiate for sanctions
relief, similar to South Africa's experience with its nuclear program. I also argue that
political change in Iran should not rely on external military intervention, as past U.S.
efforts in Iraq, Libya, and Afghanistan led to prolonged instability. The recommendation
is that the U.S. avoid consideration of regime change as a strategy and focus on
diplomatic engagement, learning from past mistakes. Analyzing historical cases reveals
that a diplomatic approach with realistic negotiations offers the best path to regional
stability, encouraging cooperation and mutual recognition to foster peace in the Middle
East. Both nations should study history to avoid repeating errors, as understanding past
conflicts helps clarify regional and ideological dynamics.
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