Anion-Sensitive Fluorophore Identifies the Drosophila Swell-Activated Chloride Channel in a Genome-Wide RNA Interference Screen

Abstract

When cells swell in hypo-osmotic solutions, chloride-selective ion channels (\(Cl_{swell}\)) activate to reduce intracellular osmolality and prevent catastrophic cell rupture. Despite intensive efforts to assign a molecular identity to the mammalian \(Cl_{swell}\) channel, it remains unknown. In an unbiased genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen of Drosophila cells stably expressing an anion-sensitive fluorescent indicator, we identify Bestrophin 1 (dBest1) as the Drosophila \(Cl_{swell}\) channel. Of the 23 screen hits with mammalian homologs and predicted transmembrane domains, only RNAi specifically targeting dBest1 eliminated the \(Cl_{swell}\) current (\(I_{Clswell}\)). We further demonstrate the essential contribution of dBest1 to Drosophila \(I_{Clswell}\) with the introduction of a human Bestrophin disease-associated mutation (W94C). Overexpression of the W94C construct in Drosophila cells significantly reduced the endogenous \(I_{Clswell}\). We confirm that exogenous expression of dBest1 alone in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells creates a clearly identifiable Drosophila–like \(I_{Clswell}\). In contrast, activation of mouse Bestrophin 2 (mBest2), the closest mammalian ortholog of dBest1, is swell-insensitive. The first 64 residues of dBest1 conferred swell activation to mBest2. The chimera, however, maintains mBest2-like pore properties, strongly indicating that the Bestrophin protein forms the \(Cl_{swell}\) channel itself rather than functioning as an essential auxiliary subunit. dBest1 is an anion channel clearly responsive to swell; this activation depends upon its N-terminus.